神马文学网中俄欧猛批美联储“印钞机”
来源：百度文库 编辑：神马文学网 时间：2024/07/08 17:08:49
美 联储(Federal Reserve)向美国经济体大量注资的决定引起全世界越来越多的争议，中国、俄罗斯和欧元区也加入了批评，于是美国总统奥巴马(Barack Obama)出面声辩。
在贸易和汇率问题引起的日益激烈的对抗中，奥巴马周一进行了还击。他与印度总理辛格(Manmohan Singh)举行联合新闻发布会时，罕见地公开支持美联储购买6,000亿美元美国国债的决定。美联储此举会导致美元贬值，因而遭到国际社会强烈抨击。
Xinhua/Zuma press韩国抗议者在首尔举行集会，反对召开G20会议美联储是一家独立机构，白宫长期以来一直竭力避免让人觉得它们之间存在合谋或冲突。奥巴马说，行政当局不评论美联储的具体措施，接着又说，我会说，美联储的使命，我的使命，是让我们的经济实现增长，这不仅对美国是好事，而且对整个世界也是好事。
在美联储向金融系统大量注资的前景等因素提振下，周一黄金价格突破每盎司1,400美元，收于创纪录的1,402.80美元。投资者常常购买黄金用以对冲通货膨胀。美股和石油等其他资产上周获得美联储宣布政策的重大提振后，周一小幅回落。美元对日圆下跌，同时因为有关欧洲债务问题的担忧重燃，美国对欧元上涨。
德国、中国等出口大国，与美国等复苏艰难、失业率高企的国家之间，很有可能在周三夜间于首尔开幕的20国集团(G20)峰会上交锋。
峰会前夕，德国官员和美国官员之间的矛盾尤其激烈。美国财政部长盖特纳(Timothy Geithner)一直在敦促G20成员国达成一个限制各国贸易差额的框架。德国严重依赖出口，它对华盛顿的经济政策加以训斥，认为这些政策浪费、有害。
外界对峰会的期望已经较低。G20很难在盖特纳贸易机制的具体目标上达成一致，其他重大问题也有可能得不到解决，其中包括比如怎样解散破产的国际性金融机构，这个任务因为最近的金融危机而变得紧迫起来。
盖特纳说，他“很有信心”，包括中国在内的世界各国领导人将达成一个新的框架，这种新框架可以不包含贸易差额的具体目标，而是包含显示某国贸易差额何时越界的先期指标。
批评声音不仅来自德国，也来自包括巴西和日本在内的其他国家。它们曾抱怨美联储的措施可能产生溢出效应。印制更多美元或削减美国利率，往往都会削弱美元汇率，从而提高美国出口产品的吸引力。正如新兴市场官员指出，其他国家货币的相应升值，往往又会抑制它们的出口，并有可能点燃通货膨胀或资产泡沫。美国官员坚持认为，美联储的行动是要刺激国内需求，美元贬值是结果而非目标。
中国财政部副部长朱光耀周一说，美国没有承担起作为全球储备货币发行国的责任。他说，美联储的措施没有考虑到这种过剩流动性对新兴市场经济体的影响。
俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫（Dmitry Medvedev）的首席经济助手说，俄罗斯将在G20会议上坚决要求，美联储在采取重大政策决策前应该征求其他国家的意见。
卢森堡首相容克（Jean-Claude Juncker）也抨击了美联储的行动，他说，我认为这个决定不好，他们在用更多债务来对抗已有债务。容克还是欧元集团主席。
美国也出现了反对的声音。美联储理事沃尔什（Ken Warsh）是贝南克的首要助理官员，他在为《华尔街日报》撰写观点文章时对美联储的行动深表怀疑。共和党政客萨拉•佩林（Sarah Palin）周一将矛头指向美联储，要求贝南克停止购买债券计划。她说，难以确定该计划是否将奏效，并暗示购买债券举动将带来通胀问题。
加剧这一争议的是人们越发感觉国际外汇体系行将就木。国际外汇体系是过去30多年来多数国家基于浮动汇率机制的汇率体系。中国人为压低人民币汇率的作法长期以来导致同外界关系紧张，近期紧张关系加剧，因其他国家希望通过出口恢复自身经济发展。目前批评声音也将美联储的定量宽松政策归为人民币政策的同类。
德国财长朔伊布勒（Wolfgang Schauble）猛击美国就抑制德国出口增长而向德国施加的压力，他对《明镜》（Der Spiegel）周刊说，美国的经济增长模式，……正在陷入深深的危机。
他说，美国一边指责中国操纵汇率，一边通过美联储印钞来人为压低美元汇率，这真说不通。
观察家说，对美国政策的尖锐批评主要是对华盛顿决策者长期认为美国经济应该是其他国家学习典范这一立场的回击。这些言论不断高涨也是因为人们担心美国可能寻找不正当途径，建立有利于美国自身的汇率政策。
在朔伊布勒爆发激烈言辞前，奥巴马的第一次公开评论似乎将矛头对准德国和中国。他说，我们不能继续维持这样一种情况，即在其他国家出现贸易逆差的时候，一些国家维持庞大的（贸易）顺差，而且他们从不对汇率进行调整以使经济增长模式更加平衡。
德国联邦统计局周一公布，德国9月贸易顺差从8月的90亿欧元飙升至168亿欧元（合233.7亿美元），高于经济学家此前预计的120亿欧元。
奥巴马争取到了辛格的支持。辛格是一位经济学家，印度在G20中的影响力日益增加。针对朔伊布勒对美联储的批评，辛格说，任何刺激美国企业潜在增长动力的力量，都将促进全球繁荣。
欧洲央行（ECB）行长特里谢（Jean-Claude Trichet）在与其他央行行长举行例会后说，所有与会人士都表示不采取弱势货币政策。特里谢说，该委员会得到美联储关于其新政策的非常明确的说明，但目前没有关于该行动的评判或是否赞同的表态。
Jonathan Weisman
（更新完成） Fed Global Backlash Grows
Global controversy mounted over the Federal Reserve's decision to pump billions of dollars into the U.S. economy, with President Barack Obama defending the move as China, Russia and the euro zone added to a chorus of criticism.
Mr. Obama returned fire in the growing confrontation over trade and currencies Monday in a joint news conference with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, where he took the unusual step of publicly backing the Fed's decision to buy $600 billion in U.S. Treasury bonds -- a move that has come under withering international criticism for weakening the U.S. dollar.
The Federal Reserve is independent, and the White House by longstanding tradition has strained to avoid any appearance of collusion or conflict. Mr. Obama said the administration doesn't comment on particular actions of the U.S. central bank, before adding: 'I will say that the Fed's mandate, my mandate, is to grow our economy. And that's not just good for the United States, that's good for the world as a whole.'
The prospects of the Fed flooding the financial system with money helped drive gold above $1,400 an ounce on Monday. The precious metal, which investors often buy as protection against inflation, settled at a record $1,402.80 per troy ounce. Other assets, such as U.S. stocks and oil, drifted back slightly on Monday after getting a big boost from the Fed's announcement last week. The dollar fell against the yen, while rising against the euro as worries about Europe's debt problems returned.
The G-20 summit that begins Wednesday night in Seoul is shaping up as a showdown between exporting powers, such as Germany and China, and nations such as the U.S. that are struggling to emerge from recession and high unemployment.
Ahead of the meeting, tensions have flared in particular between German and U.S. officials. U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner has been pressing member nations to sign up for a framework that would set limits on countries' trade balances. Germany, which relies heavily on exports, has lectured Washington about its economic policies, which Berlin sees as profligate and damaging.
Already, expectations are low for the meeting. The G-20 is struggling to agree on specific targets for Mr. Geithner's trade regime. It's also likely to leave unresolved other big questions, such as how to unwind failing international financial institutions, a task made urgent by the recent financial crisis.
Mr. Geithner said he is 'very confident' world leaders, including those from China, will agree on a new framework that could instead include warning indicators for when a country's trade balance is out of line.
Germany's criticism echoes that from other countries, including Brazil and Japan, which have complained about potential spillover from the Fed's action. Printing more dollars, or cutting U.S. interest rates, tends to weaken the dollar and makes U.S. exports more attractive. The accompanying rise in the value of other countries' currencies tends to damp their exports and can fuel inflation or asset bubbles, as emerging-market officials note. U.S. officials maintain the Fed's action is about stimulating domestic demand, and that a weaker dollar is a consequence, not an objective.
On Monday, China's vice finance minister Zhu Guangyao said the U.S. isn't living up to its responsibility as an issuer of a global reserve currency. The Fed's move doesn't 'take into account the effect of this excessive liquidity on emerging-market economies.'
The top economic aide to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said Russia will insist at the G-20 summit that the Fed consult with other countries ahead of major policy decisions.
Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker, who is also chairman of the euro-zone finance ministers, also weighed in on the Fed move, saying: 'I don't think it's a good decision. You're fighting debt with more debt.'
Dissenting voices emerged in the U.S., too. Federal Reserve governor Ken Warsh, a top lieutenant of Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, expressed deep skepticism about the Fed's action in an opinion piece in this newspaper. On Monday, Sarah Palin took aim at the Fed, calling on Mr. Bernanke to 'cease and desist' on the bond-buying program. Ms. Palin said, 'It's far from certain this will even work' and suggested the move would create an inflation problem.
Underpinning the debate is a growing sense that the international currency system, which has been based on floating exchange rates for most players for more than 30 years, is wearing out. China's policy of keeping its currency artificially low has long caused tensions that have increased of late, as other countries try to export their economies back to health. Now critics are lumping the Fed's policy, known as quantitative easing, into the same category.
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schauble lashed out at U.S. pressure on Berlin to rein in the country's surging exports, telling Der Spiegel magazine, 'The American growth model...is stuck in a deep crisis.'
He said, 'It doesn't add up when the Americans accuse the Chinese of currency manipulation and then, with the help of their central bank's printing presses, artificially lower the value of the dollar.'
Observers said the blunt criticism of U.S. policy is in large part payback for a longstanding stance by Washington policy makers that the American economy should serve as a model for others. The heated rhetoric also stems from fears that the U.S. may be looking for a back-door way to set exchange-rate policy in a way that favors the U.S.
In his first public comments since Mr. Schauble's outburst, Mr. Obama seemed set to keep the heat on both Germany and China. 'We can't continue to sustain a situation in which some countries are maintaining massive [trade] surpluses, others massive deficits, and there never is the kind of adjustments with respect to currency that would lead to a more balanced growth pattern.'
Germany's trade surplus shot up to 16.8 billion euros ($23.37 billion) in September from 9 billion euros in August, Germany's federal statistics office reported Monday -- larger than the 12 billion euros economists had anticipated.
Mr. Obama enlisted an ally in Mr. Singh, an economist whose country is wielding increasing influence at the G-20. Responding to Mr. Schauble's criticism of the Fed, the prime minister said, 'Anything that stimulates the underlying growth impulses of entrepreneurship in the United States would help the cause of global prosperity.'
European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet, after a regular meeting with other central-bank heads, said: 'Absolutely no participants mentioned that they were pursuing any kind of weak-currency policies.' Mr. Trichet said the committee received a 'very precise exposition' by the Fed of its new policy, but said there was no judgment of, or vote on, its action.
Jonathan Weisman
在贸易和汇率问题引起的日益激烈的对抗中，奥巴马周一进行了还击。他与印度总理辛格(Manmohan Singh)举行联合新闻发布会时，罕见地公开支持美联储购买6,000亿美元美国国债的决定。美联储此举会导致美元贬值，因而遭到国际社会强烈抨击。
Xinhua/Zuma press韩国抗议者在首尔举行集会，反对召开G20会议美联储是一家独立机构，白宫长期以来一直竭力避免让人觉得它们之间存在合谋或冲突。奥巴马说，行政当局不评论美联储的具体措施，接着又说，我会说，美联储的使命，我的使命，是让我们的经济实现增长，这不仅对美国是好事，而且对整个世界也是好事。在美联储向金融系统大量注资的前景等因素提振下，周一黄金价格突破每盎司1,400美元，收于创纪录的1,402.80美元。投资者常常购买黄金用以对冲通货膨胀。美股和石油等其他资产上周获得美联储宣布政策的重大提振后，周一小幅回落。美元对日圆下跌，同时因为有关欧洲债务问题的担忧重燃，美国对欧元上涨。
德国、中国等出口大国，与美国等复苏艰难、失业率高企的国家之间，很有可能在周三夜间于首尔开幕的20国集团(G20)峰会上交锋。
峰会前夕，德国官员和美国官员之间的矛盾尤其激烈。美国财政部长盖特纳(Timothy Geithner)一直在敦促G20成员国达成一个限制各国贸易差额的框架。德国严重依赖出口，它对华盛顿的经济政策加以训斥，认为这些政策浪费、有害。
外界对峰会的期望已经较低。G20很难在盖特纳贸易机制的具体目标上达成一致，其他重大问题也有可能得不到解决，其中包括比如怎样解散破产的国际性金融机构，这个任务因为最近的金融危机而变得紧迫起来。
盖特纳说，他“很有信心”，包括中国在内的世界各国领导人将达成一个新的框架，这种新框架可以不包含贸易差额的具体目标，而是包含显示某国贸易差额何时越界的先期指标。
批评声音不仅来自德国，也来自包括巴西和日本在内的其他国家。它们曾抱怨美联储的措施可能产生溢出效应。印制更多美元或削减美国利率，往往都会削弱美元汇率，从而提高美国出口产品的吸引力。正如新兴市场官员指出，其他国家货币的相应升值，往往又会抑制它们的出口，并有可能点燃通货膨胀或资产泡沫。美国官员坚持认为，美联储的行动是要刺激国内需求，美元贬值是结果而非目标。
中国财政部副部长朱光耀周一说，美国没有承担起作为全球储备货币发行国的责任。他说，美联储的措施没有考虑到这种过剩流动性对新兴市场经济体的影响。
俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫（Dmitry Medvedev）的首席经济助手说，俄罗斯将在G20会议上坚决要求，美联储在采取重大政策决策前应该征求其他国家的意见。
卢森堡首相容克（Jean-Claude Juncker）也抨击了美联储的行动，他说，我认为这个决定不好，他们在用更多债务来对抗已有债务。容克还是欧元集团主席。
美国也出现了反对的声音。美联储理事沃尔什（Ken Warsh）是贝南克的首要助理官员，他在为《华尔街日报》撰写观点文章时对美联储的行动深表怀疑。共和党政客萨拉•佩林（Sarah Palin）周一将矛头指向美联储，要求贝南克停止购买债券计划。她说，难以确定该计划是否将奏效，并暗示购买债券举动将带来通胀问题。
加剧这一争议的是人们越发感觉国际外汇体系行将就木。国际外汇体系是过去30多年来多数国家基于浮动汇率机制的汇率体系。中国人为压低人民币汇率的作法长期以来导致同外界关系紧张，近期紧张关系加剧，因其他国家希望通过出口恢复自身经济发展。目前批评声音也将美联储的定量宽松政策归为人民币政策的同类。
德国财长朔伊布勒（Wolfgang Schauble）猛击美国就抑制德国出口增长而向德国施加的压力，他对《明镜》（Der Spiegel）周刊说，美国的经济增长模式，……正在陷入深深的危机。
他说，美国一边指责中国操纵汇率，一边通过美联储印钞来人为压低美元汇率，这真说不通。
观察家说，对美国政策的尖锐批评主要是对华盛顿决策者长期认为美国经济应该是其他国家学习典范这一立场的回击。这些言论不断高涨也是因为人们担心美国可能寻找不正当途径，建立有利于美国自身的汇率政策。
在朔伊布勒爆发激烈言辞前，奥巴马的第一次公开评论似乎将矛头对准德国和中国。他说，我们不能继续维持这样一种情况，即在其他国家出现贸易逆差的时候，一些国家维持庞大的（贸易）顺差，而且他们从不对汇率进行调整以使经济增长模式更加平衡。
德国联邦统计局周一公布，德国9月贸易顺差从8月的90亿欧元飙升至168亿欧元（合233.7亿美元），高于经济学家此前预计的120亿欧元。
奥巴马争取到了辛格的支持。辛格是一位经济学家，印度在G20中的影响力日益增加。针对朔伊布勒对美联储的批评，辛格说，任何刺激美国企业潜在增长动力的力量，都将促进全球繁荣。
欧洲央行（ECB）行长特里谢（Jean-Claude Trichet）在与其他央行行长举行例会后说，所有与会人士都表示不采取弱势货币政策。特里谢说，该委员会得到美联储关于其新政策的非常明确的说明，但目前没有关于该行动的评判或是否赞同的表态。
Jonathan Weisman
（更新完成） Fed Global Backlash Grows
Global controversy mounted over the Federal Reserve's decision to pump billions of dollars into the U.S. economy, with President Barack Obama defending the move as China, Russia and the euro zone added to a chorus of criticism.
Mr. Obama returned fire in the growing confrontation over trade and currencies Monday in a joint news conference with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, where he took the unusual step of publicly backing the Fed's decision to buy $600 billion in U.S. Treasury bonds -- a move that has come under withering international criticism for weakening the U.S. dollar.
The Federal Reserve is independent, and the White House by longstanding tradition has strained to avoid any appearance of collusion or conflict. Mr. Obama said the administration doesn't comment on particular actions of the U.S. central bank, before adding: 'I will say that the Fed's mandate, my mandate, is to grow our economy. And that's not just good for the United States, that's good for the world as a whole.'
The prospects of the Fed flooding the financial system with money helped drive gold above $1,400 an ounce on Monday. The precious metal, which investors often buy as protection against inflation, settled at a record $1,402.80 per troy ounce. Other assets, such as U.S. stocks and oil, drifted back slightly on Monday after getting a big boost from the Fed's announcement last week. The dollar fell against the yen, while rising against the euro as worries about Europe's debt problems returned.
The G-20 summit that begins Wednesday night in Seoul is shaping up as a showdown between exporting powers, such as Germany and China, and nations such as the U.S. that are struggling to emerge from recession and high unemployment.
Ahead of the meeting, tensions have flared in particular between German and U.S. officials. U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner has been pressing member nations to sign up for a framework that would set limits on countries' trade balances. Germany, which relies heavily on exports, has lectured Washington about its economic policies, which Berlin sees as profligate and damaging.
Already, expectations are low for the meeting. The G-20 is struggling to agree on specific targets for Mr. Geithner's trade regime. It's also likely to leave unresolved other big questions, such as how to unwind failing international financial institutions, a task made urgent by the recent financial crisis.
Mr. Geithner said he is 'very confident' world leaders, including those from China, will agree on a new framework that could instead include warning indicators for when a country's trade balance is out of line.
Germany's criticism echoes that from other countries, including Brazil and Japan, which have complained about potential spillover from the Fed's action. Printing more dollars, or cutting U.S. interest rates, tends to weaken the dollar and makes U.S. exports more attractive. The accompanying rise in the value of other countries' currencies tends to damp their exports and can fuel inflation or asset bubbles, as emerging-market officials note. U.S. officials maintain the Fed's action is about stimulating domestic demand, and that a weaker dollar is a consequence, not an objective.
On Monday, China's vice finance minister Zhu Guangyao said the U.S. isn't living up to its responsibility as an issuer of a global reserve currency. The Fed's move doesn't 'take into account the effect of this excessive liquidity on emerging-market economies.'
The top economic aide to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said Russia will insist at the G-20 summit that the Fed consult with other countries ahead of major policy decisions.
Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker, who is also chairman of the euro-zone finance ministers, also weighed in on the Fed move, saying: 'I don't think it's a good decision. You're fighting debt with more debt.'
Dissenting voices emerged in the U.S., too. Federal Reserve governor Ken Warsh, a top lieutenant of Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, expressed deep skepticism about the Fed's action in an opinion piece in this newspaper. On Monday, Sarah Palin took aim at the Fed, calling on Mr. Bernanke to 'cease and desist' on the bond-buying program. Ms. Palin said, 'It's far from certain this will even work' and suggested the move would create an inflation problem.
Underpinning the debate is a growing sense that the international currency system, which has been based on floating exchange rates for most players for more than 30 years, is wearing out. China's policy of keeping its currency artificially low has long caused tensions that have increased of late, as other countries try to export their economies back to health. Now critics are lumping the Fed's policy, known as quantitative easing, into the same category.
German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schauble lashed out at U.S. pressure on Berlin to rein in the country's surging exports, telling Der Spiegel magazine, 'The American growth model...is stuck in a deep crisis.'
He said, 'It doesn't add up when the Americans accuse the Chinese of currency manipulation and then, with the help of their central bank's printing presses, artificially lower the value of the dollar.'
Observers said the blunt criticism of U.S. policy is in large part payback for a longstanding stance by Washington policy makers that the American economy should serve as a model for others. The heated rhetoric also stems from fears that the U.S. may be looking for a back-door way to set exchange-rate policy in a way that favors the U.S.
In his first public comments since Mr. Schauble's outburst, Mr. Obama seemed set to keep the heat on both Germany and China. 'We can't continue to sustain a situation in which some countries are maintaining massive [trade] surpluses, others massive deficits, and there never is the kind of adjustments with respect to currency that would lead to a more balanced growth pattern.'
Germany's trade surplus shot up to 16.8 billion euros ($23.37 billion) in September from 9 billion euros in August, Germany's federal statistics office reported Monday -- larger than the 12 billion euros economists had anticipated.
Mr. Obama enlisted an ally in Mr. Singh, an economist whose country is wielding increasing influence at the G-20. Responding to Mr. Schauble's criticism of the Fed, the prime minister said, 'Anything that stimulates the underlying growth impulses of entrepreneurship in the United States would help the cause of global prosperity.'
European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet, after a regular meeting with other central-bank heads, said: 'Absolutely no participants mentioned that they were pursuing any kind of weak-currency policies.' Mr. Trichet said the committee received a 'very precise exposition' by the Fed of its new policy, but said there was no judgment of, or vote on, its action.
Jonathan Weisman