The Ancient Indus Civilization

Indus Valley
Around five thousand years ago, an important civilization developed on the Indus Riverfloodplain. From about 2600 B.C. to 1700 B.C. a vast number of settlements were built on the banks of the Indus River and surrounding areas. These settlements cover a remarkable region, almost 1.25 million kilometres of land which is today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India.
The cities of theIndus Valley Civilization were well-organised
Pot sherd from Harappa
and solidly built out of brick and stone. Their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed systems of weights and trade. They made jewellery and game pieces and toys for their children. From looking at the structures and objects which survive we are able to learn about the people who lived and worked in these cities so long ago.
Stamp seal depicting a rhinoceros from Mohenjo-daro
The people of the Indus Valley Civilization also developed a writing system which was used for several hundred years. However, unlike some other ancient civilizations, we are still unable to read the words that they wrote.
The greater Indus region was home to the largest of thefour ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. It was not discovered until the 1920‘s. Most of its ruins, even its major cities, remain to be excavated. The ancientIndus script has not been deciphered.
Many questions about theIndus people who created this highly complex culture remain unanswered, but other aspects of their society can be answered through various types of archaeological studies.
Harappa was a city in the Indus civilization that flourished around 2600 to 1700 BCE in the western part of South Asia.
Cities and Context
The Harappans used the same size bricks andstandardized weights as were used in other Indus cities such asMohenjo Daro andDholavira. These cities were well planned with wide streets, public and private wells, drains, bathing platforms and reservoirs. One of its most well-known structures is theGreat Bath of Mohenjo Daro .
There were other highly developed cultures in adjacent regions of Baluchistan, Central Asia and peninsular India.
Material culture and the skeletons from the Harappa cemetery and other sites testify to a continual intermingling of communities from both the west and the east.Harappa was settled before what we call theancient Indus civilization flourished, and it remains a living town today.
The Saraswati River
In fact, there seems to have been another large river which ran parallel and west of the Indus in the third and fourth millenium BCE. This was the ancient Saraswati-Ghaggar-Hakra River (which some scholars associate with the Saraswati River of the Rg Veda).
Its lost banks are slowly being traced by researchers. Along its now dry bed, archaeologists are discovering a whole new set of ancient towns and cities.
Meluhha
Ancient Mesopotamian texts speak of trading with at least two seafaring civilizations - Magan and Meluhha - in the neighborhood of South Asia in the third millennium B.C. This trade was conducted with real financial sophistication in amounts that could involve tons of copper. The Mesopotamians speak of Meluhha as a land of exotic commodities. A wide variety of objects produced in the Indus region have been found at sites in Mesopotamia.
This site tells the story of the ancientIndus Civilization through the words and photographs of the world‘s leading scholars in the US, Europe, India and Pakistan. It starts with the re-discovery of Harappa in the early 19th century by the explorerCharles Masson and later Alexander Burnes, and formally by the archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham in the 1870‘s. This work led to the the first excavations in the early 20th century at Harappa by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, and by R.D. Banerji at another Indus Civilization city,Mohenjo Daro .
HARP and Indian excavations
Since 1986, the joint Pakistani American Harappa Archaeological Research Project(HARP) has been carrying out the first major excavations at the site since before independence in 1946. These excavations have the shown Harappa to have been far larger than once thought, perhaps supporting a population of 50,000 at certain periods. These continuing excavations are rewriting assumptions about the Indus Civilization, as isrecent work by archaeologists in neighboring India. New facts, objects andexamples of writing are being discovered every year in India and Pakistan.
Harappa.com
Almost 600 slides from HARP photographed byDr. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer [University of Wisconsin, Madison] andRichard H. Meadow [Harvard University] appear on this Website, including the 90 SlideIntroduction to the Ancient Indus Civilization. A detailed look at the discoveries from 1995-1998 at the actual site in Punjab describes the comprehensive evidence for aEarly Harappan Ravi Phase dating to 3300 BCE. Another 90 slide section coversexcavations in 2000-2001. It includes an essay on the early development ofIndus arts and technologies. Another section explores the mysterious so-calledgranary and circular platforms at Harappa. A fifth 90 slide section covers further evidence for theRavi and Kot Diji phases at the site. A 72 slide series bySharri Clark [Harvard University] looks atancient Indus figurines discovered in Harappa. There is also a 103 introduction and image series onMohenjo Daro, the best known ancient Indus site in Sindh, southern Pakistan.
Another 600 slides and essays by a number of other leading scholars of the ancient Indus civilization in India, Pakistan, Europe and America are part of this Website. Many more new facts and theories will be published here in the coming years, for we are only at the beginning of what are likely to be a long series of exciting future discoveries in the Indus and Saraswati river basin.