走进高考 探究规律

走进高考  探究规律

把握特点  胜券在握

—谈高考议论文的规律

                      山东单县一中英语组 时慧

在高考阅读理解题型各类体裁中，议论文往往论证严密，结构严谨，信息承载量大，选材较偏离考生常识，篇幅较长，句式复杂。它更能考查学生的语篇结构梳理能力、分析问题的能力和逻辑推理能力，是考生较容易失分的文体。相当多的考生害怕看到议论文，实际上，议论文的文章结构特点、命题特点都非常鲜明，有很多可以遵循的规律。著名教育家叶圣陶曾说过说：“说明文以‘说明白了’为成功。而议论文却以‘说服他人’为成功。” 这正说明了议论文的基本特点。议论文一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。论点是作者对所论述的问题提出的见解、主张和表示的态度。它明确地表示着作者赞成什么，反对什么。论据就是支持你观点的依据。依据其本身的性质和特征，可分为事实性论据和理论性论据两类。论证就是用论据来证明论点的过程. 

议论文一般是按提出问题、分析问题和解决问题“三段式”的次序来谋篇布局的。下面我们通过三篇英语高考试题来分析议论文的特点以及高考对议论文的考查特点：

A （2005江苏E）

       The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes ,but ,in my opinion ,the most important was the progress in science.

       Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development .Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.

       The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning ;in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits ,and better protection of the environment.

       Sadly ,however, there is another side to the picture .The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind .The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet .We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons , although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War ,the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used ,the result could have been the ruin of the human race ,as well as of many kinds of animals.

       William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）,good and ill together. ”The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good ?Are we biologically programmed for war?

72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

       A．           B．               C．            D．

      ①           ①                ①                ①

②            ②  ③          ② ③ ④

                  ④

    ③    ④

        ⑤          ⑤               ⑤             ②③④⑤

       （①=Paragraph 1,②=Paragraph 2, ③=Paragraph 3, ④=Paragraph 4,⑤=Paragraph 5）

73．From the fourth paragraph ,we can infer that       .

       A．a great many nuclear weapons were actually used for war

       B．a large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for war

       C．the author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weapons

       D．the author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth

74．The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means     .

       A．simple                 B．mixed                  C．sad                     D．happy

75．What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?

       A．Further application of science to war.

       B．More reading of William Shakespeare.

       C．Proper use of science in the new century.

       D．Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.

Keys: ADBD

                           B （05北京卷 C篇）

How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?
   Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats(栖息地). Zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals bored, lonely, and far from their natural homes.
   Zoos claim(声称) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’ natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty. Zoos keep animals in small spaces or cages, and most signs only mention the species’ name, diet, and natural range(分布区). The animals’ normal behavior is seldom noticed because zoos don’t usually take care of the animals’ natural needs.
   The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusually and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
   Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered．Captive breeding(圈养繁殖) of endangered big cats. Asian elephants, and other species has not resulted in their being sent back to the wild．Zoos talk a lot about their captive breeding programs because they do not want people to worry about a species dying out. In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers. Haven’t we seen enough competitions to name baby animals?
   Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals’ natural habitats.
64．How would the author describe the animals’ life in zoos?
    A．Dangerous.  B．Unhappy.  C．Natural.   D．Easy.
65．In the state of zoochosis, animals _________.
    A．remain in cages          B．behave strangely 
    C．attack other animals      D．enjoy moving around
66．What does the author try to argue in the passage?
    A．Zoos are not worth the public support.
    B．Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.
    C．Zoos should treat animals as human beings.
    D．Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.
67．The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by _________.
    A．pointing out the faults in what zoos do
    B．using evidence he has collected at zoos
    C．questioning the way animals are protected
    D．discussing the advantages of natural habitats
68．Although he argues against zoos, the author would still agree that __________.
    A．zoos have to keep animals in small cages
    B．most animals in zoos are endangered species
    C．some endangered animals are reproduced in zoos
    D．it’s acceptable to keep animals away from their habitats

Keys: BAAC

C （04上海卷 C篇）

We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, other, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.
  Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed—no examination is perfect—but to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.
   Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them—a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill—respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well—respected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school’s reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.
  The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.
82．The word “favoritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that________.
    A．bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.
    B．children from well—respected schools tend to have good jobs
    C．poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets
    D．children attending ordinary schools achieve great success
83．What would happen if examinations were taken away according to the author?
    A．Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.
    B．There would be more opportunities and excellence.
    C．Children from poor families would be able to change their schools.
    D．Children’s job opportunity would be affected by their school reputation.
84．The opponents of the examination system will agree that _________.
    A．jobs should not be assigned by systematic selection
    B．computers should be selected to take over many jobs
    C．special classed are necessary to keep the school standards
    D．schools with academic subjects should be done away with
85．The passage mainly focuses on ___________.
    A．schools and certificates                B．examination and equality
    C．opportunity and employment         D．standards and reputation

Keys: BDAB

走进高考  探究规律

把握特点  胜券在握

通过对以上三篇高考试题的研究，我们发现议论文有以下规律可以遵循：

一 开头方式！

议论文往往开门见山，开宗明义，亮明作者的观点。但是观点呈现的方式却也往往是不同的。比如，A和C两篇文章，作者在呈现自己的观点之前，有一个小小的引言，然后笔锋一转，借用but或however引出作者要讨论的话题. 例如A篇: The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes ,but ,in my opinion ,the most important was the progress in science.

再如C篇：

We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, other, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.

这种观点呈现的方式在议论文里是最常见的，所以大家在阅读议论文时一定要注意转折词but和however。但是C篇是一篇驳论文，作者不是借用引言，然后再用but或however引出自己要讨论的话题.而是利用了开头反诘的方式摆出自己的观点。例如：

How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?
二 论证方式：

议论文常用的论证方式就是讲道理，当你的理论不能使别人信服时，你就要采用举实例、引用名人名言来支撑自己的理论，有时还要采用更科学的试验以及数据来使别人信服。

1.举例子：

  例如：A篇第四段 ”We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons , although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War ,…” 通过二战时期核武器的使用来支持本段作者的分论点“Sadly ,however, there is another side to the picture .The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind .”

2. 引用名人名言：

例如A篇最后一段引用了莎士比亚的话（William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）,good and ill together. ”），来说明科技本身优劣并存，我们应该取其精华去其糟粕。

3. 利用试验以及数据：

  例如B篇第四段A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.
三. 论证严密，结构严谨：

议论文是议论和说理的，只有把文章写得有条有理，道理讲得头头是道，言之有理，才能说服读者。所以议论文往往结构严谨、论证严密，让人无懈可击，因此议论文的连接词多、上下文起承转合的词比较多。比如A篇第一段中的but，三四段之间的however(第四段利用however，实现了从二三段科技的好处的论述到第四段科技的错误使用的转折。)；B篇由于是驳论文，所以每一段都有一次对分论点的批驳。转折词使用的更多，如：

第二段：Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats(栖息地).（批驳分论点）

第三段：Zoos claim(声称) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meaningful about the animals’ natural behavior,…. （批驳分论点）

第五段：Furthermore, most animals in zoos are not endangered．（再次批驳分论点）

        In fact, baby animals also attract a lot of paying customers.（陈述自己的观点）

第六段：Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitats and put an end to the reasons people kill them.（陈述自己的观点）

C篇主要采用对比论证的手段，所以结构也非常清晰，链接语言也比较清晰。

如第一段和第二段but；

We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to ….; 

The standards may be changed—no examination is perfect—but to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards.

第三段while:

while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well—respected school.

四. 议论文的命题特点
   议论文的三要素就是论点、论据和论证，所以再高考试题中对议论文的考查也就集中再这三点上。

1.考查论点，比如：

B篇66．What does the author try to argue（论证）in the passage?
    A．Zoos are not worth the public support.
    B．Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.
    C．Zoos should treat animals as human beings.
    D．Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.

C篇85．The passage mainly focuses on ___________.
               A．schools and certificates                B．examination and equality
            C．opportunity and employment         D．standards and reputation

   议论文主要论述的就是作者的观点，所以如果题干中出现What does the author try to argue（论证）in the passage? 或The passage mainly focuses on ___________.那么很自然就选择该文的论点。

2.考查论证方法：

如B篇67题:

67．The author tries to persuade readers to accept his argument mainly by _________.
    A．pointing out the faults in what zoos do
    B．using evidence he has collected at zoos
    C．questioning the way animals are protected
    D．discussing the advantages of natural habitats
该选项 A．pointing out the faults in what zoos do就是本文的论证方法：批驳错误观点。
3.考查文章结构：

  议论文结构严谨、论证严密，所以试题中也往往设计对文章结构的考查。比如：

A篇72题：

72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

       A．           B．               C．            D．

      ①           ①                ①                ①

②            ②  ③          ② ③ ④

                  ④

    ③    ④

        ⑤          ⑤               ⑤             ②③④⑤

       （①=Paragraph 1,②=Paragraph 2, ③=Paragraph 3, ④=Paragraph 4,⑤=Paragraph 5）

A项体现了议论文提出问题、分析问题、解决问题“三段式”的思路，所以选A。

通过对以上三篇高考议论文的研究，我们可以悟出一些规律性的东西来指导我们以后的阅读。这也就是题目所表明的：走进高考议论文阅读，探究议论文的命题规律；把握文章和试题特点，最后让每一个参加高考的同学都能胜券在握！