切·格瓦拉——马克思主义人祭是怎样炼成的

身后四十年，切·格瓦拉得到不减反增的荣誉和纪念。格瓦拉到底是伟人还是屠夫？以马克思主义为名义的革命是解放了还是毁掉了古巴？……你依然舍不得扔掉你的格瓦拉鼠标垫吗？

Che Guevara

切·格瓦拉

The Making of a Marxist Martyr

——马克思主义人祭是怎样炼成的

by Terrell Clemmons

作者 Terrell Clemmons

The Fa?ade

光辉形象

Four decades after his death, the visage of Che Guevara survives him as a symbol of passion, idealism, and restless discontent with the status quo. In fact, as time passes, his celebrity grows. In 2004, Robert Redford produced The Motorcycle Diaries, a film chronicling Che’s eight-month-long motorbike odyssey across South America at age twenty-three. The New York Times said the film “humanizes” Che, portraying him as a “restless, passionate bohemian with dancing eyes and a deepening core of empathy for the poor.” In 2007, a lock of hair cut from his corpse, along with photos of his dead body, sold for over $100,000, and Che-Lives.com was billed as the largest leftist site on the internet.

死去四十年之后，格瓦拉反而活成了一个代表着“激情”、“理想主义”、“永不懈怠的进取”的符号，随着时间的流逝，对他的纪念不减反增。2004 年 Robert Redford 执导了一部名为《摩托车日记》(The Motorcycle Diaries) 的电影，片中历数了格拉瓦 23 岁那年花了 8 个月骑摩托车穿越南美的经历。纽约时报称该片把格拉瓦“说得像个人了”，给了他“毫不懈怠的热情的波希米亚主义者，深切地同情穷人”这么一幅形象。2007 年，从他的遗体上剪下来的一络头发和他的遗体照片一起以十万美元的价格出售，同时 Che-Lievs.com 成为互联网上最大的左派阵地。

Hollywood is especially smitten. In 2008, Steven Soderbergh directed a two-part, four-hour biopic titled, simply, Che, with Benicio del Toro playing the lead. “Groovy name, groovy man, groovy politics!” del Toro said of his character. Johnny Depp wears a Che pendant around his neck, and Angelina Jolie reportedly sports a Che tattoo somewhere on her body, though she won’t say where. Che’s face has become an emblem of chic on everything from sarongs to coffee mugs to mouse pads. You can even say chic on your feet with a pair of Che chucks.

好莱坞也在格瓦拉热中发起了高烧。2008 年，Steven Soderbergh 执导了一部两集共四小时的传记电影，名字很直接，就叫《切》(Che)，主角是 Benicio del Toro。对于这个角色，del Toro 说：“名字很酷，人很帅，政治很给劲！”约翰尼·德普戴了根格瓦拉项链，安吉莉娜·茱莉据说在身体某个地方整了一枚格拉瓦纹身，不过她可不会告诉你纹在哪儿。格瓦拉的脸成了时尚标志，从沙龙到咖啡杯，到鼠标垫。要是还有一双格瓦拉长统袜，你简直就一路酷到脚脖子了。

The Facts

事实

Born in 1928 to bohemian Argentine aristocrats, Ernesto Guevara de la Serna completed medical school in Buenos Aires in 1953, then wandered about through Latin America for the next two years. It was during this time that he adopted the nickname “Che,” an Argentine slang speech filler meaning something like “Hey you” or even “Dude.” The name fit. Up until that time, his life was just about that aimless and ill-defined.

格瓦拉同志原名 Ernesto Guevara de la Serna，1928 年出生在一个放浪不羁的阿根迁贵族家庭。1953 年从布宜诺斯艾利斯的医学院毕业后，格瓦拉在南美浪荡了两年。在这期间他有了一个绰号“切”，这是阿根迁俚语中的一个语助词，意同“喂”或者是“哥们儿”。这个绰号跟他很配。直到这时，他的人生依然是漠无目标，瞎打乱撞的

That all changed in the summer of 1955, after a chance meeting in Mexico City with Fidel Castro, who was planning his overthrow of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista. Che, having seen poverty and lived in squalor, had by this time become convinced that only a Marxist revolution could remedy the world’s ills. In Castro and in Cuba, he found his leader to follow and his people group to liberate. A year later, Castro and Che set out on a junker yacht for Cuba.

一切都在 1955 年的夏天改变了。格瓦拉在墨西哥城偶遇菲德尔·卡斯特罗同志，当时卡斯特罗正琢磨着推翻古巴总统 Fulgencio Batista。曾经目睹过贫困，住过贫民窟的格瓦拉这时被说服只有一场马克思主义革命才能够解世界人民于倒悬。于是卡斯特罗和古巴成了他的红太阳，他们将指引格瓦拉和他的人民通往自由。一年后，卡斯特罗和格瓦拉乘坐一辆破烂的快艇驶往古巴

By 1959, after two years of guerilla insurgency, a coup was achieved. Che was made comandante of La Cabana, the colonial fortress turned military prison overlooking Havana harbor, and he set about governing with ruthless intensity. He knew that for the revolution to succeed, resistance would have to be swiftly dealt with, so he put his firing squads to work on triple shifts. For the next three years, the comandante imprisoned dissidents at a higher rate than Stalin did and oversaw more executions than Hitler did during his first six years in power.

经过两年的游击叛乱，政变在 1959 年获得成功，然后格瓦拉被任命为 La Canbana 的司令。La Canbana 是一座由殖民地时期的城堡改建成而的军事监狱，俯视着哈瓦那港，在这里格瓦拉实行着无情的高压统治。他认为要想实现革命的成功，抵抗力量必须被迅速地处理掉，所以他安排了三班轮流执勤的武装警卫。在接下来的三年里，被格瓦拉关进监狱的异见人士的比例比斯大林统治下的还要高，死刑的数量超过了希特勒掌权的前六年里执行的死刑数量（译注：这里的数据本人没有核实）。

Che also took up the task of remaking Cuba according to the Marxist vision, which included assuming command of Cuba’s national bank and taking charge of industry. Within a year, the value of Cuba’s peso plummeted to almost nothing; her sugar, cattle, tobacco, and nickel industries were in shambles; and her people carried food ration cards.

格瓦拉还负责按马克思主义式的愿景对古巴进行改造，包括掌管古巴的国家银行和工业。结果在格瓦拉治下，一年以内古巴比索几乎贬值成废纸，古巴的糖、牲畜、雪茄、镍矿等工业的发展举步维艰，古巴人民则用起了粮食配给卡。

Many sought to leave. Since the Cuban revolution, an estimated two million Cubans have fled the country, another eighty thousand have died trying, and suicide has become one of the highest causes of death among the adults who remained. Cuba’s abortion rate is 60 percent.

古巴人民纷纷逃离这个国家。据估计，自古巴革命以来，有两百万古巴人已经离境，八万人在试图逃离中死亡，自杀是留在国内的成年人最主要的死因，妇女流产率为 60%。

The perplexing question, especially for Cuban survivors is: Exactly what about all of this is chic?

对于古巴，尤其是对活下来的古巴人民而言，一个令人不解的问题是：到底是什么造成了这一切？

The Fabrication

造神

The recasting of Che the executioner into Che the revolutionary and cause célèbre began in 1967, on the day Che died, and it illustrates the public relations finesse of Fidel Castro, a pragmatic power-seeker who knew a useful idiot when he saw one, dead or alive. Although Che had left Cuba under a cloud two years earlier, Castro responded to the news of Che’s death by declaring a three-day period of national mourning. “If you wish to express what we want our children to be,” he told a crowd in Havana’s Revolution Square, “we must say from our hearts as ardent revolutionaries, ‘We want them to be like Che!’” From then on, Cuban schoolchildren began their day saying, “Pioneers of Communism, we will be like Che!”

对格瓦拉的形象加工从 1967 年他死那天就开始了，刽子手格瓦拉与解放者格瓦拉合成一体，显示出卡斯特罗打造美好的公众形象的手段。卡斯特罗是一个务实的贪权者，不管是活人还是死人，他所在意的只是这个人是不是一个可以利用的傻瓜。尽管格瓦拉在两年前就因为受怀疑而离开，卡斯特罗却为格瓦拉之死张罗了三天国悼。“如果要说我们希望孩子们成为什么样的人，”他在哈瓦那的革命广场对群众说，“那么让我们以满怀的革命激情说：‘我们想要他们像格瓦拉一样！’”从此以后，古巴的学生开始说“向格瓦拉同志学习，做革命的先锋队”。

It makes perfect sense that Castro would want everyone to be like Che, for Che served Castro to his dying breath. It also makes sense that Cuban schoolchildren would be forced to pay tribute to this would-be role model. They have no choice. What doesn’t make sense is why anyone in the free world would follow suit.

卡斯特罗之所以希望人人都是格瓦拉，不过是因为格瓦拉到死都忠于卡斯特罗罢了。正因为如此古巴的学生才被迫向这位偶像人物的塑像致敬。他们不得不这样，这并不奇怪。令人莫名其妙的是为什么自由世界中的人还要效尤。

Yet they do. A 2008 University of Arizona student paid homage to Che in the student newspaper, the Daily Wildcat: “To be a revolutionary . . . you have to cause change from the norm. It doesn’t even have to be good or be positive; it just has to be a change.” Actress Susan Sarandon expressed the allure, saying that people who dedicate themselves to a cause at the expense of everything else “are really fascinating people.” Here we have the morally vacuous idealism that venerates a mass murderer: It doesn’t matter what you believe as long as you really believe it and give it your all.

2008 年，亚利桑那大学的一个学生在学生报纸《Daily Wildcat》上向格瓦拉致敬“要成为一个革命者……你就要给常规带来改变。无所谓正确的还是错误的改变，重要的是它是一个变化。”演员 Susan Sarandon 称那些不惜一切代价来将自己献身于某事的人是“非常迷人的”，非常有吸引力。这些言论让我们看到了崇拜屠夫的毫无道德的理想主义：信什么并不重要，重要的是你信并且为其倾尽所有。

The Fallacy

迷信

The charisma ascribed to Che seems to be connected to his raw passion and drive. While Castro merely sought power and used whatever means necessary (including Che) to attain it, Che, a pure Marxist, actually believed. “You’ll see,” the would-be liberator predicted at the outset, “when Castro’s running things, everybody will read and have food on the table.” Confident that the rotors of revolution would churn out a purified social order, Che radically destroyed the old to make way for the new. “We are the future,” he wrote to his father in 1959.

格瓦拉被罩上的超凡魅力光环似乎与他的粗暴和激情有关。在卡斯特罗只对寻求权力感兴趣并且无所不用其极（包括对格瓦拉）的同时，格瓦拉，一个纯粹的马克思主义者，完全彻底地信服着他的伟大领袖。“你们将会看到，”这个万人迷解放者在革命的开头预言道，“当卡斯特罗掌管一切时，每个人都能够读书，每张餐桌上都将有食物。”格瓦拉对于革命的搅屎棍能够搅和出纯净的社会秩序很有信心，他激进地打碎旧世界来创造新世界。“我们就是未来，”他在给他父亲的信中如此写道。

Che sycophants utterly fail to discern the disconnection between revolutionary rhetoric and revolutionary reality. Here are five aspects of Che they either don’t know or overlook:

格瓦拉的粉丝们完全没有弄明白革命激情与革命现实完全是两码事。下面有五个关于格瓦拉的事情他们要么不知道，要么忽视了：

Blood. For all his talk about liberation, what Che apparently liked most was killing people. “I’d like to confess,” he wrote to his father after his first kill, “I really like killing.” He liked it so much that he had a section of wall cut out of his La Cabana office, to give him a better view of the execution yard. In 1961, he began the appalling practice of draining the blood from condemned prisoners before shooting them. The blood was then sold for $50 a pint, most of it to North Vietnam. An average prisoner brought in about $250.

嗜血。在所有他关于解放的讲话中，格瓦拉明显地表现出对杀人更感兴趣。“我得承认，”在第一次杀人之后给他父亲写信说道，“我真的喜欢杀人。”为了满足他观看杀人的趣味，他在 La Cabana 监狱的办公室里面拆掉了一面墙，这样他可以更好地看见刑场。1961 年，格瓦拉开始做一桩骇人听闻的事情，在枪杀死刑犯之前抽干他们身上的血液。然后以每品脱（译注：约 0.57 升） 50 美元的价格将这些血液出售，主要卖到了北越。按这个价格，一个身材中等的囚犯大概值 250 美元。

Theft. According to the myth, Che selflessly identified with the poor, but in reality he had no problem helping himself to the accoutrements of wealth, often other people’s. When he took up residency in Havana, for example, he appropriated for himself a lovely seaside estate with seven bathrooms, a projection TV, a chauffeur-driven Mercedes Benz, and a large swimming pool.

公贼。格瓦拉神话描述他对穷人慷慨无私，但事实上他会毫不客气地占有财富，通常是别人的。比如当他占据哈瓦那的住宅时，分了一套漂亮的庄园给自己，有七间浴室，投影电视，有专门的司机给他开奔驰，还有一个大游泳池。

Disregard for human rights and justice. To Che, individuals didn’t matter except to the extent that they served the revolution. He executed prisoners out of “revolutionary conviction,” without concern for “archaic bourgeois details” like due process or judicial evidence. In other words, he killed people when it suited his purposes to do so.

漠视人權与正义。对格瓦拉来说，除非为革命服务，否则个体没有任何意义。他出于“革命的判决”处死囚犯，惘顾“过时的中产阶段细节”考量，诸如正当的司法程序或者司法证据。换句话说，他在为了满足自己的目的的时候杀人

He particularly had his sights on America. When the Soviet Union withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba, Che was furious. “If the nuclear missiles had remained we would have used them against the very heart of America,” he told the London Daily Worker in 1962.

恨美国尤甚（译注：作者提这一点是大概针对格瓦拉的那些美国粉丝）。当苏联从古巴撤回导弹时，格瓦拉暴跳如雷。“如果这些核弹留下来了，我们就会用它们直接打击美国的心脏，”1962 年他这样对伦敦的《每日工人》报说。

Neglect of and indifference to actual people. Despite Che’s professed goal of food and education for all, he felt no obligation to provide for his own family. When he left Cuba in 1965, this father of five children wrote, “I am not sorry that I leave nothing material to my wife and children; I am happy it is that way. I ask nothing for them, as the state will provide them with enough to live on and receive an education.” This was consistent with his political philosophy. “The revolution is what is important. Each one of us, on our own, is worthless.”

忽视现实中人的实际需求。尽管格瓦拉公开宣称要为所有人提供食物和教育，他对于抚养自己的家庭却毫无义务感。1965 年离开古巴时，这个五个孩子的父亲写道：“对于没有给我的老婆和孩子留下任何一点物质，我并不感到抱歉；恰恰相反，能这样做我感到很高兴。我什么也没有替他们要求，因为国家会给他们提供足够的生活物品，并且提供教育。”这与他的社会哲学一脉相承。“革命是最重要的。我们每一个人，就自身来说，毫无价值。”

Finally, delusion—the root problem with Marxism. According to Marxist ideology, societal problems are caused by the unequal distribution of wealth. To remedy the ill, the “have-nots” are summoned to armed struggle against the “haves.” It’s a classic divide-and-conquer strategy. Carlos Eire, the son of a pre-Castro government official, records a telling scene from his childhood in his memoir, Waiting for Snow in Havana. Carlos, eight years old when Castro took over, recalls the family maid, an angry woman named Caridad who loved Castro, taunting him when his parents weren’t around: “Pretty soon, you’re going to lose all this.” “Pretty soon you’ll be sweeping my floor.” “Pretty soon I’ll be seeing you at your fancy beach club, and you’ll be cleaning out the trash cans while I swim.”

最后一点，痴人说梦——这是马克思主义最根本的毛病。在马克思主义的意识形态看来，社会问题是由财富的不平均造成的。为了治疗这一顽症，“无产阶级”要团结起来向“有产阶级”发动武装斗争。这是一种典型的“分而治之”策略。前卡斯特罗政府的一名官员的儿子 Carlos Eire 写了一本讲述他的童年记忆的书《Waiting for Snow in Havana》。他记得当卡斯特罗上台时，他才八岁，他们家有一个愤怒的女仆——名叫 Caridad 是卡斯特罗的拥虿。当 Carlos 的父母不在时，她就嘲笑 Carlos 说：“快得很，你们就要一无所有了。”“快得很，就要轮到你们给我擦地板了。”“快得很，我会在你们漂亮的海滨俱乐部看着你们，我游泳的时候你们会在倒垃圾桶。”

But it didn’t work out that way. It never does.

但是事情并没有变成那样。她的梦想并没有实现。

The Fallout

后果

Castro followed the Marxist script because it advanced his cause. But Che, like Caridad, actually believed it. Ironically, Che’s faith became his undoing. By 1964, he had outlived his usefulness to Castro, and Castro cut him loose. Che left Cuba “voluntarily,” still bent on revolution, but with no support, no leader to follow, and no people group to “liberate.” He died three years later on the receiving end of a bullet in a Bolivian mountain village. Some suspect that Castro had betrayed him. But—the revolution was what mattered. The individual was worthless.

卡斯特罗按马克思主义者的信条办事，只不过是利用它们来扩大他的影响。但是格瓦拉，就像女仆 Caridad 一样，却是实际信奉这些信条的人。具有讽刺意味的是，他的信念要了他的命。1964 年，他对卡斯特罗已经没有什么用处，于是卡斯特罗就让他走了。格瓦拉“不情愿地”离开了古巴，继续搞他的革命，但却没有了支援，没有了可追随的领袖，也没有人群可供他“解放”。有些人怀疑卡斯特罗背叛了他。但是——重要的是革命嘛，个人没有价值。

The Arizona student was right about one thing. Che caused change. But he’s wrong about everything else. It does matter whether the change is positive or negative, and it does matter what you believe. Because Marxism is founded on falsehood, it will forever be nihilistic at its core, and it will always end badly. It holds great power to destroy, but none to create or build. This is why the utopia Che envisioned for Cuba never materialized but morphed into a nightmare. In reality, Cuba got plundered and decimated, and Che got betrayed and shot.

亚里桑那大学的学生在有一件事情上是对的：格瓦拉确实带来了改变。但除此以外的事情——改变是正面的还是负面的这不要紧，要紧的是你相信什么——他都错了。因为马克思主义并不基于社会事实，其核心只有无政府主义，所以它的结果永远都是一团糟。马克思主义具有强大的破坏力量，却无力于创造或建设。这就是为什么那个格瓦拉幻想中的乌托邦在古巴从来没有成为现实，相反却变成了恶梦。在现实中，古巴横遭劫运，破败不堪，而格瓦拉众叛亲离，一命呜呼。

And all that remains of Che is the myth and the merchandise.

然后，关于格瓦拉，剩下的只有神话和买卖了。