An Incredible Church That’s Been Being Built For 118 Years

by mtjs

背景资料：From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Antoni Gaudí--安东尼.高迪

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet (25 June 1852–10 June 1926) – in English, normally referred to by the Spanish translation of his name,Antonio Gaudí^[3][4][5] – was a Spanish Catalan^[6] architect who belonged to the Modernist style (Art Nouveau) movement and was famous for his unique and highly individualistic designs.

Contents

• 1 Biography
  • 1.1 Birthplace
  • 1.2 Higher education
  • 1.3 Early career
    • 1.3.1 Later years
• 2 Artistic style
• 3 Interests
• 4 Popularity
• 5 Social and political influences
• 6 In popular culture
• 7 Major works
• 8 Notes
• 9 References
• 10 External links

Biography

Birthplace

Antoni Gaudí was born in the province of Tarragona in southern Cataloniaon 25 June 1852. While there is some dispute as to his birthplace – official documents state that he was born in the town of Reus, whereas others claim he was born in Riudoms, a small village 3 miles (5 km) fromReus,^[2] – it is certain that he was baptized in Reus a day after his birth. The artist's parents, Francesc Gaudí Serra and Antònia Cornet Bertran, both came from families of coppersmiths.

During his youth, Gaudí suffered many times from the rheumatic fevers that were common at the time. This illness caused him to spend much time in isolation, and it also allowed him to spend lots of time alone with nature.^[7]

It was this exposure to nature at an early age which is thought to have inspired him to incorporate natural shapes and themes into his later work.^[8]

Higher education

As an architecture student at the Escola Tècnica Superior d'Arquitectura in Barcelona from 1873 to 1877, Gaudí was not particularly outstanding, but did excellently in his 'Trial drawings and projects'.^[9] After five years of work, he was awarded the title of architect in 1878. As he signed the title, Elies Rogent declared, "Qui sap si hem donat el diploma a un boig o a un geni: el temps ens ho dirà" ("Who knows if we have given this diploma to a nut or to a genius. Time will tell.")

The newly-named architect immediately began to plan and design and would remain affiliated with the school his entire life. Buildings form the majority of his works, many of which can be found in Barcelona.

Early career

• 1878–1879: Lampposts for the Plaça Reial at Barcelona;
• 1878: Showcase for glove manufacturer Comella. Via this work, used at the World's Fair in Paris, Eusebi Güell came to know the architect.^[10]
• 1878–1882: Several designs for the Obrera Mataronense at Mataró. Only a very small part of these plans was built, but it shows Gaudí's first use of parabolic arches, here in a wooden structure.
• 1883–1885: Casa Vicens;
• 1883–1885: Villa "El Capricho" at Comillas (Santander);
• 1884: Finca Güell: Entrance pavilion and stables for the palace at Pedralbes (first completed building for Eusebi Güell);
• 1884–1891: Completion of the crypt of the Sagrada Família (the crypt had been started by the architect Francisco del Villar in 1882, who had to abandon the project in 1883);
• 1885–1889: Palau Güell;
• 1887–1893: Episcopal palace at Astorga;
• 1892-1893: Casa de los Botines at León;

Later years

Gaudí was a devout Catholic, to the point that in his later years he abandoned secular work and devoted his life to Catholicism and his Sagrada Família. He designed it to have 18 towers, 12 for the 12 apostles, 4 for the 4 evangelists, one for Mary and one for Jesus. Soon after, his closest family and friends began to die. His works slowed to a halt, and his attitude changed. One of his closest family members – his niece Rosa Egea – died in 1912, only to be followed by a "faithful collaborator", Francesc Berenguer Mestres, two years later. After these tragedies, Barcelona fell on hard times economically. The construction of La Sagrada Família slowed; the construction of La Colonia Güell ceased altogether. Four years later in 1918, Eusebi Güell, his patron, died.^[11]

Perhaps it was because of this unfortunate sequence of events that Gaudí changed. He became reluctant to talk with reporters or have his picture taken and solely concentrated on his masterpiece, La Sagrada Família.^[11] He spent the last few years of his life living in the crypt of the "Sagrada Familia".^{[citation needed]}

On 7 June 1926^[12] Gaudí was run over by a tram. Because of his ragged attire and empty pockets, many cab drivers refused to pick him up for fear that he would be unable to pay the fare. He was eventually taken to a paupers' hospital in Barcelona. Nobody recognized the injured artist until his friends found him the next day. When they tried to move him into a nicer hospital, Gaudí refused, reportedly saying "I belong here among the poor." ^[13] He died three days later on 10 June 1926, at age 73, half of Barcelona mourning his death. He was buried in the midst of La Sagrada Família.^[11]

Although Gaudí was constantly changing his mind and recreating his blueprints, the only existing copy of his last recorded blue prints was destroyed by the anarchists in 1938 during the Spanish Civil War. This has made it very difficult for his workers to complete the cathedral in the fashion Gaudí most likely would have wished. It is for this that Gaudí is known to many as "God's Architect". La Sagrada Família is now being completed, but differences between his work and the new additions can be seen.

As of 2007, completion of the Sagrada Familía is planned for 2026, which would be the 100th anniversary of Gaudí's death. It is currently at the center of a row over the proposed route of a high-speed rail tunnel that would pass nearby the house, approximately thirty meters below.^{[14][15][16][17]} Supporters of the tunnel point to many successful tunneling projects under city centers. Detractors cite a metro tunnel in Barcelona’s Carmel district that collapsed and destroyed an entire city block on the February 1, 2005. The route passes nearby to some of Gaudí's other works,Casa Batlló and Casa Milà, although deep underground.

Artistic style

Gaudí's first works were designed in the style of gothic architecture and traditional Catalan architectural modes, but he soon developed his own distinct sculptural style. French architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, who promoted an evolved form of gothic architecture, proved a major influence on Gaudí. The student went on to contrive highly original designs – irregular and fantastically intricate. Some of his greatest works, most notably La Sagrada Família, have an almost hallucinatory power.

He once said on the subject of gothic architecture:

Gothic art is imperfect, it means to solve; it is the style of the compass, the formula of industrial repetition. Its stability is based on the permanent propping of abutments: it is a defective body that holds with support... gothic works produce maximum emotion when they are mutilated, covered with ivy and illuminated by the moon.^[18]

Gaudí spent ten years working on studies for the design of La Sagrada Família and developing a new method of structural calculation based on a model built with cords and small sacks of lead shot. The outline of the church was traced on a wooden board (1:10 scale), which was then placed on the ceiling of a small house next to the work site. Cords were hung from the points where columns were to be placed. The sacks of pellets, weighing one ten-thousandth part of the weight the arches would to support, were hung from each catenaric arch formed by the cords. Photographs were then taken of the resulting model from various angles. When the photographs were turned upside-down, the lines of tension formed by the cords and weights revealed the lines of pressure of the compressed structure. This is one of the ways that Gaudí obtained natural forms in his work.

The same expressive power of Gaudí's monumental works exists in his oddly graceful chairs and tables. Gaudí's architecture is a total integration of materials, processes and poetics. His approach to furniture design exceeded structural expression and continued with the overall architectural idea.^[19]

Interests

Gaudí, throughout his life, studied nature's angles and curves and incorporated them into his designs and mosaics. Instead of relying on geometric shapes, he mimicked the way men stand upright. The hyperboloids and paraboloids he borrowed from nature were easily reinforced by steel rods and allowed his designs to resemble elements from the environment.

Gaudí was so inspired by nature, he says, because:

Those who look for the laws of Nature as a support for their new works collaborate with the creator.^[20]

Because of his rheumatism, the artist observed a strict vegetarian diet, used homeopathic drug therapy, underwentwater therapy, and hiked regularly. Long walks, besides suppressing his rheumatism, further allowed him to experience nature.

Popularity

Gaudí's originality was at first ridiculed by his peers. Indeed, he was first only supported by the rich industrialistEusebi Güell. His fellow citizens referred to the Casa Milà as La Pedrera ("the quarry"), and George Orwell, who stayed in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, admittedly loathed his work. As time passed, though, his work became more famous. He stands as one of history's most original architects.

Social and political influences

The opportunities afforded by Catalonia's socioeconomic and political influences were endless. Catalans such as Antoni Gaudí often showcased the country's diverse art techniques in their works. By mimicking nature, such artists symbolically pushed back the ever-increasing industrial society.

Gaudí, among others, promoted the Catalan movement for regaining sovereignty from Spain by incorporating elements of Catalan culture in his designs.^[21] Gaudí was involved in politics since he supported the Catalanist political partyRegionalist League. For example, in 1924 Spanish authorities (ruled by the dictator Primo de Rivera) closedBarcelona's churches in order to prevent a nationalist celebration (11 September, National Day of Catalonia), Gaudí attended to Saints Justus and Pastor's church and was arrested by the Spanish police for answering in Catalan.^[22]

In popular culture

Gaudí's influence appeared in the Pokémon film The Rise of Darkrai. Gaudí himself inspired the architect Godey, designer of the Space-Time Towers, which are based on the Sagrada Família.

The Alan Parsons Project released Gaudi, an album based on the life of Antoni Gaudí, in 1987. Eric Woolfson in 1993 reengineered the album as a musical, Gaudi.

U.S. ambient musician Robert Rich released an album, also named Gaudí, in 1991.

Major works

• Casa Vicens (1884–1885)
• Palau Güell (1885–1889)
• College of the Teresianas (1888–1890)
• Crypt of the Church of Colònia Güell (1898–1916)
• Casa Calvet (1899–1904)
• Casa Batlló (1905–1907)
• Casa Milà (La Pedrera) (1905–1907)
• Park Güell (1900–1914)
• Sagrada Família Nativity façade and Crypt of the Sagrada Família church (1884 until his death in 1926, although still under construction as of 2010)

See also the List of Gaudí Buildings.

Notes

1. ^ See, in Catalan, Juan Bergós Massó, Gaudí, l'home i la obra ("Gaudí: The Man and his Work"), Universitat Politècnica de Barcelona(Càtedra Gaudí), 1974 - ISBN 84-600-6248-1, section "Nacimiento" (Birth), pp. 17-18.
2. ^ ^a b "Biography at Gaudí and Barcelona Club, page 1". Retrieved 2005-11-05.
3. ^ Gaudí, living under Spanish dictatorship, was not allowed to register his name in his native Catalan. The imposed Spanish translation of his name was popularized and spread during the nationalistic Francoist period. Many publications from this period, including English references, use the Spanish translation. His native Catalan name, Antoni, is now preferred and widely used.
4. ^ "Gaudí, Antonio". The AWTmerFSFican Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
5. ^ "Gaudí, Antonio". Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc.. 2006. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
6. ^ "Antoni Gaudi". Retrieved 2008-10-02.
7. ^ [1]
8. ^ "Biography at ArteHistoria" (in German). Retrieved 2005-11-09.
9. ^ "Biography of Gaudí and Barcelona Club, page 2". Retrieved 2005-11-05.
10. ^ "Biography at Gaudí and Barcelona Club, page 4".
11. ^ ^a b c "Biography at Gaudí and Barcelona Club, page 5". Retrieved 2005-11-09.
12. ^ Antoni Gaudí, Catalan Modernist Architect - Life of Antoni Gaudí
13. ^ Antoni Gaudí, Biography
14. ^ "Video produced by SOS Sagrada Familia (http://www.sossagradafamilia.org)".
15. ^ Video produced by SOS Sagrada Familia
16. ^ Sossagradafamilia.org
17. ^ YouTube.com
18. ^ Carlos Flores, Les lliçons de Gaudí, p. 89
19. ^ Dalisi, R., (1979), Gaudí, mobili e oggetti, Milan: Gruppo Editoriale Electa S.p.A.
20. ^ Brainyquote.com
21. ^ Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 452–4. ISBN 0-06-430158-3.
22. ^ Gaudi and Art Nouveau in Catalonia

References

• Cèsar Martinell. Antoni Gaudí. Barcelona, 1975 (English edition).

External links

• Casa Batlló (multilingual; requires Adobe Flash)
• Sagrada Família (multilingual)
• La Pedrera (multilingual; requires Adobe Flash)
• Gaudi: Designer (English), (French), (Spanish)
• Hyperboloid structures by GaudíPDF (420 KiB)
• Antoni Plàcid Gaudí i Cornet information at Structurae
• Antoni Gaudí at the Open Directory Project
• Antoni Gaudí i Cornet
• Gaudí's arrestPDF (142 KiB) (Catalan)
• Guell Palace Site (multilingual)
• Church of Colònia Güell virtual visit (multilingual; requires Adobe Flash)
• Gaudí Tours (English)