ERP 企业资源规划

来源：百度文库 编辑：神马文学网 时间：2024/06/13 03:31:25


Enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) is an integrated computer-based system used to manage internal and external resources including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. 企业资源规划（ERP）是一个综合的计算机为基础的系统来管理内部和外部资源，包括有形资产，资金，物资和人力资源。 It is a software architecture whose purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders.这是一个软件架构，其目的是促进所有业务功能的信息之间的内部组织的边界流动和管理连接到外部利益相关者。 Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise wide system environment. [ 1 ]建立在一个集中的数据库，通常采用一个共同的计算平台，ERP系统整合全系统环境中的所有业务纳入一个统一和企业。 [1]

An ERP system can either reside on a centralized server or be distributed across modular hardware and software units that provide "services" and communicate on a local area network . ERP系统可以驻留在一个集中的服务器或分布式的模块化硬件和软件跨越单位，提供“服务”和沟通局域网 。 The distributed design allows a business to assemble modules from different vendors without the need for the placement of multiple copies of complex, expensive computer systems in areas which will not use their full capacity [ 2 ]分布式的设计，让一般的商业聚集来自不同厂商的模块没有副本，需要安置的多为复杂，其满负荷昂贵的电脑系统在地方不会使用[2]

Contents内容

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  • 1 Origin of the term 1 一词的由来
  • 2 ERP Components 2 ERP成分
  • 3 Commercial Applications 3 商业应用
  • 4 History 4 历史
  • 5 Implementation 5 执行
    • 5.1 Process preparation 5.1 制备工艺
    • 5.2 Configuration 5.2 配置
    • 5.3 Consulting services 5.3 咨询服务
      • 5.3.1 "Core system" customization vs configuration 5.3.1“核心系统”定制比配置
      • 5.3.2 Extensions 5.3.2 扩展
  • 6 Advantages 6 优势
  • 7 Disadvantages 7 利与弊
  • 8 See also 8 参见
  • 9 References 9 参考资料
  • 10 Further reading 10 延伸阅读

[ edit ] Origin of the term [ 编辑 学期 ] 起源

The initialism ERP was first employed by research and analysis firm Gartner Group in 1990 [ 3 ] as an extension of MRP ( Material Requirements Planning ; later manufacturing resource planning [ 4 ] ) and CIM ( Computer Integrated Manufacturing ), and while not supplanting these terms, it has come to represent a larger whole.该缩写的ERP是第一集团雇用的研究和分析机构Gartner在1990年[3]作为MRP的扩展（ 物料需求计划 ，后来制造资源规划 [4] ）和CIM（ 计算机集成制造 ），虽然不是取代这些条款，它已经代表一个更大的整体。 It came into use as makers of MRP software started to develop software applications beyond the manufacturing arena. [ 5 ] ERP systems now attempt to cover all core functions of an enterprise, regardless of the organization's business or charter.它把MRP的软件来使用，因厂商开始开发制造领域的应用软件超越。 [5] ERP系统现在企图掩盖一个企业的所有核心功能，无论该组织的业务或包机。 These systems can now be found in non-manufacturing businesses, non-profit organizations and governments. [ 6 ]这些系统现在可以发现在非制造业企业，非营利组织和政府。 [6]

To be considered an ERP system, a software package should have the following traits: should be integrated and operate in real-time with no periodic batch updates.被认为是ERP系统，一个软件包应该有以下特点：应该是综合性和实时操作，没有定期批量更新。 All applications should access one database to prevent redundant data and multiple data definitions.所有申请须访问一个数据库，以防止冗余数据和定义多个数据。 All modules should have the same look and feel.所有模块应具有相同的外观和感觉。 Users should be able to access any information in the system without needed integration work on the part of the IS department. [ 7 ]用户应该能够访问任何部门信息系统中没有需要整合工作的一部分。 [7]

[ edit ] ERP Components [ 编辑 ] ERP成分

Transactional Backbone事务性骨干

  • Financials 财务管理
  • Distribution分配
  • Human Resources 人力资源
  • Product lifecycle management 产品生命周期管理

Advanced Applications高级应用

  • Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 客户关系管理 （CRM）的
  • Supply chain management 供应链管理
    • Purchasing 购买
    • Manufacturing 制造业
    • Distribution 分配
  • Warehouse Management System 仓库管理系统

Management Portal/Dashboard管理门户/仪表板

  • Decision Support System 决策支持系统

These modules can exist in a complete system or utilized in an ad-hoc fashion. [ 8 ]这些模块可以存在于一个完整的系统或应用在时尚不定期。 [8]

[ edit ] Commercial Applications [ 编辑 ] 商业应用

Manufacturing 制造业
Engineering, bills of material, scheduling, capacity, workflow management, quality control, cost management, manufacturing process, manufacturing projects, manufacturing flow工程，材料，调度，能力，工作流程管理，质量控制，成本管理的法案，制造工艺，制造工程，制造流程
Supply chain management 供应链管理
Order to cash , inventory, order entry, purchasing, product configurator, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, inspection of goods, claim processing, commission calculation 以现金 ，存货，订单输入，采购，产品配置，供应链计划，供应商调度，检查货物，索赔处理，佣金计算
Financials财务管理
General ledger, cash management, accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets总帐，现金管理，应付帐款，应收帐款，固定资产
Project management 项目管理
Costing, billing, time and expense, performance units, activity management成本核算，结算，时间和费用，业绩单位，活动管理
Human resources人力资源
Human resources, payroll, training, time and attendance, rostering, benefits人力资源，工资，培训，时间和出勤，排班，福利
Customer relationship management客户关系管理
Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer contact and call center support销售和营销，佣金，服务，客户联系和呼叫中心的支持
Data services 数据服务
Various "self-service" interfaces for customers, suppliers, and/or employees各种“自我服务”的接口，客户，供应商及/或雇员
Access control 访问控制
Management of user privileges for various processes用户权限管理的各种程序

[ edit ] History [ 编辑 ] 历史

The term "Enterprise resource planning" originally derived from manufacturing resource planning ( MRP II ) that followed material requirements planning (MRP). [ 9 ] MRP evolved into ERP when "routings" became a major part of the software architecture and a company's capacity planning activity also became a part of the standard software activity. [ citation needed ] ERP systems typically handle the manufacturing , logistics , distribution , inventory , shipping , invoicing , and accounting for a company. “企业资源规划”最初源自制造资源计划（ MRP的二 ）随后物料需求计划（MRP）。 [9] MRP的ERP系统演变成当“路线”成为一个软件架构中的主要部分和一个公司的产能规划活动也成为活动的一部分的标准软件。[ 编辑 ] ERP系统通常处理的制造 ， 物流 ， 分销 ， 库存 ， 发货 ， 开票 ，并占了公司。 ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, including sales , marketing, delivery , billing, production, inventory management, quality management , and human resource management . [ citation needed ] ERP系统软件可以帮助在许多控制商业活动，包括销售 ，营销， 交货 ，结算，生产，库存管理， 质量管理和人力资源管理 。[ 编辑 ]

ERP systems saw a large boost in sales in the 1990s as companies faced the Y2K problem (real or imagined) in their "legacy" systems. ERP系统看到一个大的提高上世纪90年代的销售额为公司所面临的千年虫问题方面的“遗产”系统（真实的或想像的）研究。 Many companies took this opportunity to replace such information systems with ERP systems.许多公司借此机会，以取代ERP系统等信息系统。 This rapid growth in sales was followed by a slump in 1999, at which time most companies had already implemented their Y2K solution. [ 10 ]这一销售额的快速增长之后，1999年的不景气，当时大多数公司已实施的2000年问题的解决办法。 [10]

ERP systems are often incorrectly called back office systems indicating that customers and the general public are not directly involved. ERP系统往往错误地称为后台办公系统 ，表明客户和一般市民没有直接关系。 This is contrasted with front office systems like customer relationship management (CRM) systems that deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness systems such as eCommerce, eGovernment, eTelecom, and eFinance, or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems. [ citation needed ]这是对比前办公系统 ，如客户关系管理（CRM）系统，能够直接与客户交易，或电子商务系统，如电子商务eTelecom，电子政务，电子金融和，或供应商关系管理 （SRM）的系统。[ 编辑 ]

ERP systems are cross-functional and enterprise-wide. ERP系统是跨职能和企业范围。 All functional departments that are involved in operations or production are integrated in one system.所有参与行动的部门或生产功能集成在一个系统中。 In addition to areas such as manufacturing, warehousing, logistics, and information technology, this typically includes accounting , human resources, marketing and strategic management . [ citation needed ]除了制造领域，如仓储，物流，信息技术，这通常包括会计 ，人力资源， 市场营销和战略管理 。[ 编辑 ]

ERP II, a term coined in the early 2000s , is often used to describe what would be the next generation of ERP software. ERP的第二任期中的早期创造21世纪 ，是经常被用来描述将是下一代的ERP软件。 This new generation of software is web-based and allows both employees and external resources (such as suppliers and customers) real-time access to the system's data.这种新一代的软件是基于网络，并允许雇员和外部资源（如供应商和客户）的实时访问系统的数据。

EAS — Enterprise Application Suite is a new name for formerly developed ERP systems which include (almost) all segments of business using ordinary Internet browsers as thin clients. [ citation needed ]东亚峰会-企业应用套件是一个新的名称，包括以前开发的ERP系统（几乎）所有业务分部作为瘦客户机普通的互联网浏览器。[ 编辑 ]

Though traditionally ERP packages have been on-premise installations, ERP systems are now also available as Software as a Service .虽然传统的ERP软件包已在内部部署安装，ERP系统现在也提供软件作为一种服务 。

Best practices are incorporated into most ERP vendor's software packages. 最佳做法是纳入大多数ERP厂商的软件。 When implementing an ERP system, organizations can choose between customizing the software or modifying their business processes to the "best practice" function delivered in the "out-of-the-box" version of the software. [ citation needed ]在实施ERP系统，企业可以选择定制软件或修改其业务流程的“最佳做法”的功能框发表在“外的设施，”软件版本。[ 编辑 ]

Prior to ERP, software was developed to fit individual processes of an individual business.在此之前的ERP，软件开发，以适应个人业务独立的过程。 Due to the complexities of most ERP systems and the negative consequences of a failed ERP implementation, most vendors have included "Best Practices" into their software.由于大多数的ERP系统和ERP实施失败的消极后果的复杂性，大多数厂商已经包括“最佳实践”到他们的软件。 These "Best Practices" are what the Vendor deems as the most efficient way to carry out a particular business process in an Integrated Enterprise-Wide system. [ 11 ] A study conducted by Ludwigshafen University of Applied Science surveyed 192 companies and concluded that companies which implemented industry best practices decreased mission-critical project tasks such as configuration, documentation, testing and training.这些“最佳实践”是什么系统的销售商认为是最有效的方式进行综合企业，广出一个特定的业务流程1。 [11] 192调查的公司进行的一项研究应用科学大学的路德维希港，认为公司实施行业最佳做法减少文档，测试和训练任务的关键项目任务，如配置。 In addition, the use of best practices reduced over risk by 71% when compared to other software implementations. [ 12 ]此外，使用最好的做法减少风险，71％以上，较其他软件实现。 [12]

The use of best practices can make complying with requirements such as IFRS , Sarbanes-Oxley , or Basel II easier.最好的做法可以使用的要求，例如遵守国际财务报告准则 ， 萨班斯法案 ，或巴塞尔协议更加容易。 They can also help where the process is a commodity such as electronic funds transfer .他们还可以帮助其中的过程，就是商品 ，例如电子资金转帐 。 This is because the procedure of capturing and reporting legislative or commodity content can be readily codified within the ERP software, and then replicated with confidence across multiple businesses who have the same business requirement. [ citation needed ]这是因为软件程序的捕获和报告立法或商品的内容可以在ERP系统容易编纂，然后要求复制业务相同的信心已在多个企业谁。[ 编辑 ]

[ edit ] Implementation [ 编辑 ] 实现

Businesses have a wide scope of applications and processes throughout their functional units; producing ERP software systems that are typically complex and usually impose significant changes on staff work practices. [ 13 ] Implementing ERP software is typically too complex for "in-house" skill, so it is desirable and highly advised to hire outside consultants who are professionally trained to implement these systems.企业单位具有应用功能和过程的整个广泛的范围;生产ERP软件系统是典型的复杂，通常的做法强加给较大变化，工作人员。 [13]实施ERP软件通常是过于复杂的房子“中，”技能，所以是可取的，高度宜聘请受过专业训练谁执行这些系统外部顾问。 This is typically the most cost effective way.这通常是最经济有效的方法。 There are three types of services that may be employed for - Consulting, Customization, Support. [ 13 ] The length of time to implement an ERP system depends on the size of the business, the number of modules, the extent of customization, the scope of the change and the willingness of the customer to take ownership for the project.有三种类型的服务，可受聘-咨询，定制，支持。 [13]的时间长度，以实施ERP系统取决于企业的规模的，这些模块的数量，自定义程度，范围的变化和客户的意愿，采取了项目的所有权。 ERP systems are modular, so they don't all need be implemented at once. ERP系统是模块化的，所以他们并不都需要马上落实。 It can be divided into various stages, or phase-ins.它可分为不同的阶段，或逐步插件。 The typical project is about 14 months and requires around 150 consultants. [ 14 ] A small project (eg, a company of less than 100 staff) can be planned and delivered within 3–9 months; however, a large, multi-site or multi-country implementation can take years. [ citation needed ] The length of the implementations is closely tied to the amount of customization desired. [ 14 ]典型的项目约14个月，需要大约150顾问。 [14]一个小项目（例如，公司员工少于100）可规划和3-9个月内交付，但是，一个大型，多点或多国执行可能需要数年。[ 编辑 ]长度的实现是紧密联系在一起的定制所需的金额。 [14]

To implement ERP systems, companies often seek the help of an ERP vendor or of third-party consulting companies.为实施ERP系统，公司经常寻求帮助党的ERP供应商或第三方咨询公司。 These firms typically provide three areas of professional services: consulting; customization; and support.这些公司通常提供三方面的专业服务：咨询，定制;和支持。 The client organization can also employ independent program management , business analysis , change management , and UAT specialists to ensure their business requirements remain a priority during implementation. [ citation needed ]客户组织也可以聘请独立的计划管理 ， 业务分析 ， 变更管理 ，以及超敏的专家，以确保他们的业务需求仍然是优先在实施过程中。[ 编辑 ]

Data migration is one of the most important activities in determining the success of an ERP implementation.数据迁移是在确定一个ERP实施成功的最重要的活动之一。 Since many decisions must be made before migration, a significant amount of planning must occur.由于许多决定作出之前，必须迁移，出现了规划必须大量。 Unfortunately, data migration is the last activity before the production phase of an ERP implementation, and therefore receives minimal attention due to time constraints.不幸的是，数据迁移是最后一次活动之前，ERP的实施生产阶段，并因此获得极少注意由于时间的限制。 The following are steps of a data migration strategy that can help with the success of an ERP implementation: [ 15 ]以下是实施步骤的数据迁移策略，可以帮助ERP的成功，1： [15]

  1. Identifying the data to be migrated确定要迁移的数据
  2. Determining the timing of data migration确定数据迁移时间
  3. Generating the data templates生成的数据模板
  4. Freezing the tools for data migration冻结数据迁移工具
  5. Deciding on migration related setups关于移民判定相关设置
  6. Deciding on data archiving决定数据存档

[ edit ] Process preparation [ 编辑 ] 制备工艺

ERP vendors have designed their systems around standard business processes, based upon best business practices. ERP厂商所设计的标准的业务后，最佳业务实践为基础的过程，他们的系统。 Different vendor(s) have different types of processes but they are all of a standard, modular nature.不同的供应商（S）的进程，但他们是不同类型的标准，模块化性质的一切。 Firms that want to implement ERP systems are consequently forced to adapt their organizations to standardized processes as opposed to adapting the ERP package to the existing processes. [ 16 ] Neglecting to map current business processes prior to starting ERP implementation is a main reason for failure of ERP projects. [ 17 ] It is therefore crucial that organizations perform a thorough business process analysis before selecting an ERP vendor and setting off on the implementation track.企业想要实施ERP系统因此被迫调整其组织标准化的流程，而不是适应ERP软件包现有的进程。 [16]忽视当前的业务流程映射开始前ERP的实施是失败的主要原因ERP项目。 [17]因此，至关重要的是，组织上进行了彻底的执行跟踪业务流程分析，然后选择一个ERP厂商和设置。 This analysis should map out all present operational processes, enabling selection of an ERP vendor whose standard modules are most closely aligned with the established organization.这种分析应该地图的所有现时的运作流程，使企业资源规划的厂商，其最密切的成立的组织保持一致标准模块选择。 Redesign can then be implemented to achieve further process congruence.然后，可以重新设计实施过程中实现进一步的一致性。 Research indicates that the risk of business process mismatch is decreased by:研究表明，业务流程不匹配的风险减少了：

  • linking each current organizational process to the organization's strategy;每个连接现有的组织过程中对组织的战略;
  • analyzing the effectiveness of each process in light of its current related business capability;分析其目前的相关业务能力的考虑每个过程的有效性;
  • understanding the automated solutions currently implemented. [ 18 ] [ 19 ]了解目前执行的自动化解决方案。 [18] [19]

ERP implementation is considerably more difficult (and politically charged) in organizations structured into nearly independent business units, each responsible for their own profit and loss, because they will each have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies and decision centers. [ 20 ] Solutions include requirements coordination negotiated by local change management professionals or, if this is not possible, federated implementation using loosely integrated instances (eg linked via Master Data Management ) specifically configured and/or customized to meet local needs. [ citation needed ] ERP的实施是相当多的困难（和政治上的收费）的，遗失的组织结构分为近独立的业务单位的利润，每个负责，因为他们自己和他们各有不同的流程，业务规则，数据语义，authorization层次和决策中心。 [ 20]这些解决方案包括要求协调当地谈判的变更管理的专业人士，或者，如果这是不可能的，松散的联邦执行综合使用情况（如通过linked 主数据管理 ）专门配置和/或定制，以满足当地需求。[ 编辑 ]

A disadvantage usually attributed to ERP is that business process redesign to fit the standardized ERP modules can lead to a loss of competitive advantage.通常一个缺点是，由于ERP的业务流程重新设计，以适应标准化的ERP模块可导致失去竞争优势。 While documented cases exist where this has indeed materialized, other cases show that following thorough process preparation ERP systems can actually increase sustainable competitive advantage. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]尽管存在记录在此情况下，的确实现，其他案件表明，随着ERP系统进行彻底的准备过程中可以实际增加可持续的竞争优势。 [21] [22]

[ edit ] Configuration [ 编辑 ] 配置

Configuring an ERP system is largely a matter of balancing the way you want the system to work with the way the system lets you work.配置ERP系统主要是一个平衡的方式，您希望系统工作的方式，系统可以让你的工作问题。 Begin by deciding which modules to install, then adjust the system using configuration tables to achieve the best possible fit in working with your company's processes. [ citation needed ]首先决定哪个模块来安装，然后调整系统使用配置表来实现公司的流程与最好的配合工作。[ 编辑 ]

Modules — Most systems are modular simply for the flexibility of implementing some functions but not others.模块 - 大多数系统是模块化只为执行某些功能，但不是别人的灵活性。 Some common modules, such as finance and accounting are adopted by nearly all companies implementing enterprise systems; others however such as human resource management are not needed by some companies and therefore not adopted.一些常见的模块，例如财务和会计，是通过实施企业系统几乎所有的公司，有的不过如人力资源管理不是由一些公司，因此没有通过必要的。 A service company for example will not likely need a module for manufacturing.例如一个服务公司将不太可能需要制造的模块。 Other times companies will not adopt a module because they already have their own proprietary system they believe to be superior.公司其他时候不会采取一个模块，因为他们已经拥有自己的专有系统，他们认为是卓越的。 Generally speaking the greater number of modules selected, the greater the integration benefits, but also the increase in costs, risks and changes involved. [ citation needed ]一般来说，模块选择的人数更多，更大的集成优势，但也增加了成本，风险和变化有关。[ 编辑 ]

Configuration Tables – A configuration table enables a company to tailor a particular aspect of the system to the way it chooses to do business.配置表 - 配置表可以使一个公司来定制一个系统的某一方面它选择的方式做生意。 For example, an organization can select the type of inventory accounting – FIFO or LIFO – it will employ or whether it wants to recognize revenue by geographical unit, product line, or distribution channel. [ citation needed ]例如，一个组织可以选择的会计类型库存- 先进先出或后进先出 -它会雇用或是否愿意承认，由地方单位收入渠道，产品线，或分配。[ 编辑 ]

So what happens when the options the system allows just aren't good enough?因此，选择时会发生什么系统允许只是不够好？ At this point a company has two choices, both of which are not ideal.此时公司有两个选择，这两者都是不理想。 It can re-write some of the enterprise system's code, or it can continue to use an existing system and build interfaces between it and the new enterprise system.它可以重新写一些企业制度的代码，也可以继续使用现有系统，建立了它与新的企业制度接口。 Both options will add time and cost to the implementation process.在这两个方案将增加时间和成本的执行过程。 Additionally they can dilute the system's integration benefits.此外，他们还可以淡化系统的集成优势。 The more customized the system becomes the less possible seamless communication between suppliers and customers. [ citation needed ]该系统变得更为人性化的可能和客户欠供应商之间的无缝沟通。[ 编辑 ]

[ edit ] Consulting services [ 编辑 ] 咨询服务

Many organizations do not have sufficient internal skills to implement an ERP project.许多组织没有足够的内部技能，以实施ERP项目。 This results in many organizations offering consulting services for ERP implementation.这导致在许多组织提供的ERP实施咨询服务。 Typically, a consulting team is responsible for the entire ERP implementation including: [ citation needed ]通常，一个咨询团队，包括负责整个ERP实施：[ 编辑 ]

  1. selecting选择
  2. planning规划
  3. training 训练
  4. testing测试
  5. implementation实施
  6. delivery交货

of any customized modules.任何自定义的模块。 Examples of customization includes creating processes and reports for compliance, additional product training; creation of process triggers and workflow; specialist advice to improve how the ERP is used in the business; system optimization; and assistance writing reports, complex data extracts or implementing Business Intelligence. [ citation needed ]自定义的例子包括创建过程和兼容性报告，附加的产品培训;的进程创建触发器和工作流程;专家意见，以提高企业资源规划是如何在业务中使用，系统优化，以及协助撰写报告，或执行复杂的数据中提取商业智能。[ 编辑 ]

For most mid-sized companies, the cost of the implementation will range from around the list price of the ERP user licenses to up to twice this amount (depending on the level of customization required).对于大多数中型公司，在实施费用将来自全球范围的ERP用户许可证价格列表这一数额的两倍（取决于所需的自定义级别）。 Large companies, and especially those with multiple sites or countries, will often spend considerably more on the implementation than the cost of the user licenses—three to five times more is not uncommon for a multi-site implementation. [ citation needed ]大公司，尤其是与多个国家的网站，或者经常会花费相当多的执行现场执行，低于成本的用户许可证，3至5倍多更多的是并不少见的。[ 编辑 ]

Unlike most single-purpose applications, ERP packages have historically included full source code and shipped with vendor-supported team IDEs for customizing and extending the delivered code.与大多数单一用途的应用，包括历史上的ERP软件包有完整的源代码，并支持随供应商的团队集成开发环境自定义和扩展交付的代码。 During the early years of ERP the guarantee of mature tools and support for extensive customization was an important sales argument when a potential customer was considering developing their own unique solution in-house, or assembling a cross-functional solution by integrating multiple "best of breed" applications. [ citation needed ] ERP的过程中初期的成熟广泛的定制工具和支持保障是一个重要的参数时，销售潜在客户正在考虑发展自己的独特解决方案的内部，通过集成组装或多个“同类产品中最好的一个跨部门的解决方案“应用程序。[ 编辑 ]

[ edit ] "Core system" customization vs configuration [ 编辑 ]“核心系统”自定义配置比

Increasingly, ERP vendors have tried to reduce the need for customization by providing built-in "configuration" tools to address most customers' needs for changing how the out-of-the-box core system works.越来越多的ERP厂商试图减少通过提供内置的“配置”工具，以解决不断变化的大多数客户的需求定制需要的是如何出位的现成的核心系统的运作方式。 Key differences between customization and configuration include: [ citation needed ]关键的区别和配置定制包括：[ 编辑 ]

  • Customization is always optional, whereas some degree of configuration (eg, setting up cost/profit centre structures, organisational trees, purchase approval rules, etc.) may be needed before the software will work at all.定制始终是可选的，而有些配置程度（例如，建立成本/利润中心结构，组织树，采购验收制度，等等），可能需要在该软件将在所有的工作。
  • Configuration is available to all customers, whereas customization allows individual customer to implement proprietary "market-beating" processes.配置是提供给所有客户，而客户定制允许个人实现专有“市场跳动的”进程。
  • Configuration changes tend to be recorded as entries in vendor-supplied data tables, whereas customization usually requires some element of programming and/or changes to table structures or views.配置变化往往被记录在供应商提供的数据表中的记录，而通常需要一些定制的编程和单元/或表结构或观点的变化。
  • The effect of configuration changes on the performance of the system is relatively predictable and is largely the responsibility of the ERP vendor.关于该系统的性能配置变动的影响相对可预测和主要的ERP供应商的责任。 The effect of customization is unpredictable and may require time-consuming stress testing by the implementation team.自定义的影响是不可预测的，可能需要耗时压力测试的执行小组。
  • Configuration changes are almost always guaranteed to survive upgrades to new software versions.配置改变几乎总是保证求生存，以新的软件版本升级。 Some customizations (eg code that uses pre-defined "hooks" that are called before/after displaying data screens) will survive upgrades, though they will still need to be re-tested.一些自定义（如代码，使用预先定义的“钩”，也称为/后屏幕显示数据之前）将生存的升级，但他们仍然需要重新检测。 More extensive customizations (eg those involving changes to fundamental data structures) will be overwritten during upgrades and must be re-implemented manually.更广泛的自定义（如涉及改变基本的数据结构）将被覆盖在升级时，必须重新手动实现。

By this analysis, customizing an ERP package can be unexpectedly expensive and complicated, and tends to delay delivery of the obvious benefits of an integrated system.通过以上分析，定制的ERP软件可以被意外昂贵和复杂性，往往延误了一个综合系统提供的明显好处。 Nevertheless, customizing an ERP suite gives the scope to implement secret recipes for excellence in specific areas while ensuring that industry best practices are achieved in less sensitive areas.不过，定制的ERP套件提供的范围落实在具体领域的卓越秘方，同时确保该行业的最佳做法是不太敏感的领域取得的。

[ edit ] Extensions [ 编辑 ] 扩展

In this context, "Extensions" refers to ways that an ERP environment can be "extended" (supplemented) with third-party programs.在这种情况下，“扩展”是指一个ERP环境的方式可以是“扩展”（补充）与第三方程序。 It is technically easy to expose most ERP transactions to outside programs that do other things, eg: [ citation needed ]它在技术上是最容易暴露的ERP成交：[之外做其他事情的程序，例如编辑 ]

  • archiving, reporting and republishing (these are easiest to achieve, because they mainly address static data);存档，报告和重新发布（这是最容易实现的，因为他们主要是针对静态数据）;
  • performing transactional data captures, eg using scanners, tills or RFIDs (also relatively easy because they touch existing data);表演捕捉交易数据，例如使用扫描仪，耕或RFIDs（也相对容易，因为他们接触的现有数据）;

However, because ERP applications typically contain sophisticated rules that control how data can be created or changed, some such functions can be very difficult to implement.但是，由于ERP的应用程序通常包含复杂的规则，可以控制数据如何创建或更改，一些这样的功能可以是非常难以实施。

[ edit ] Advantages [ 编辑 ] 优势

In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software applications that cannot communicate or interface effectively with one another.在ERP系统，大型制造商的情况下可能会发现许多应用软件无法沟通或接口与另一个有效的本身。 Tasks that need to interface with one another may involve: [ citation needed ]任务需要的接口与另一个可能涉及：[ 编辑 ]

  • ERP systems connect the necessary software in order for accurate forecasting to be done. ERP系统连接，以便准确预测所需的软件必须做的顺序。 This allows inventory levels to be kept at maximum efficiency and the company to be more profitable.这使得库存水平将保持在最高效率和公司更有利可图。
  • Integration among different functional areas to ensure proper communication, productivity and efficiency不同功能区的整合，以确保适当的沟通，生产力和效率
  • Design engineering (how to best make the product)设计工程 （如何以最佳方式使产品）
  • Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfillment订单跟踪，实现从验收通过
  • The revenue cycle, from invoice through cash receipt从周期的收入， 发票通过现金收据
  • Managing inter-dependencies of complex processes bill of materials管理复杂的进程间的依赖关系的材料清单
  • Tracking the three-way match between purchase orders (what was ordered), inventory receipts (what arrived), and costing (what the vendor invoiced)跟踪程比赛3至采购订单 （什么是命令），存货凭证（什么时），以及成本 （什么卖方发票）
  • The accounting for all of these tasks: tracking the revenue , cost and profit at a granular level.该会计任务的所有这些：跟踪的收入 ，成本和利润在一个微小的水平。

ERP Systems centralize the data in one place. ERP系统集中在一个地方的数据。 Benefits of this include:这个的好处包括：

  • Eliminates the problem of synchronizing changes between multiple systems - consolidation of finance, marketing and sales, human resource, and manufacturing applications消除了多个系统之间的同步变化问题 - 巩固金融，市场营销和销售，人力资源，制造应用
  • Permits control of business processes that cross functional boundaries许可证管理的业务流程，跨职能界限
  • Provides top-down view of the enterprise (no "islands of information"), real time information is available to management anywhere, anytime to make proper decisions.提供自上而下鉴于企业（无“信息孤岛”），提供实时信息管理，随时随地作出适当的决定。
  • Reduces the risk of loss of sensitive data by consolidating multiple permissions and security models into a single structure.降低了对敏感数据丢失的风险合并为一个单一的结构多个权限和安全模式。
  • Shorten production leadtime and delivery time缩短生产交货期和交货时间
  • Facilitating business learning, empowering, and building common visions促进业务学习，授权，建立共同愿景

Some security features are included within an ERP system to protect against both outsider crime, such as industrial espionage , and insider crime, such as embezzlement .一些安全功能包括在ERP系统，以防止外人犯罪都在这样的工业间谍活动 ，并作为内部犯罪，如贪污 。 A data-tampering scenario, for example, might involve a disgruntled employee intentionally modifying prices to below-the-breakeven point in order to attempt to interfere with the company's profit or other sabotage.一个数据篡改的情况，例如，不满的员工可能涉及故意修改价格，以低于的，盈亏平衡点，以试图干预该公司的利润或其他破坏。 ERP systems typically provide functionality for implementing internal controls to prevent actions of this kind. ERP系统通常提供的功能为实施内部控制 ，以防止这类行动这一点。 ERP vendors are also moving toward better integration with other kinds of information security tools. [ 23 ] ERP供应商也正朝着更好的工具的集成信息安全与其他种。 [23]

[ edit ] Disadvantages [ 编辑 ] 缺点

Problems with ERP systems are mainly due to inadequate investment in ongoing training for the involved IT personnel - including those implementing and testing changes - as well as a lack of corporate policy protecting the integrity of the data in the ERP systems and the ways in which it is used. [ citation needed ]与ERP系统存在的问题主要是由于所涉及的科技人员进行培训的投资不足 - 包括实施和测试的变化 - 以及一个企业保护在ERP系统的数据完整性，以及如何在其中缺乏政策被使用。[ 编辑 ]

Disadvantages缺点

  • Customization of the ERP software is limited.在ERP软件定制是有限的。
  • Re-engineering of business processes to fit the "industry standard" prescribed by the ERP system may lead to a loss of competitive advantage.重新设计业务流程，以适应“行业标准”的ERP系统的规定可能导致失去竞争优势。
  • ERP systems can be very expensive (This has led to a new category of "ERP light" solutions) ERP系统可以很昂贵（这导致了“ERP的光”的解决方案新的类别）
  • ERPs are often seen as too rigid and too difficult to adapt to the specific workflow and business process of some companies—this is cited as one of the main causes of their failure.有效保护率往往被视为过于僵化，很难适应特定的工作流程和业务流程的一些公司的失败，这是引用了他们的主要起因之一。
  • Many of the integrated links need high accuracy in other applications to work effectively.综合链接其他应用程序中的许多需要高精度有效地开展工作。 A company can achieve minimum standards, then over time "dirty data" will reduce the reliability of some applications.公司可以达到的最低标准，然后随着时间的推移“脏数据”将减少一些应用程序的可靠性。
  • Once a system is established, switching costs are very high for any one of the partners (reducing flexibility and strategic control at the corporate level).一旦系统建立，转换成本是非常的任何合作伙伴（减少的灵活性和控制战略在企业层面一高）。
  • The blurring of company boundaries can cause problems in accountability, lines of responsibility, and employee morale.该公司的界限模糊的问题可能会导致在问责制，责任线，和员工士气。
  • Resistance in sharing sensitive internal information between departments can reduce the effectiveness of the software.在部门之间共享敏感的内部资料性可以减少软件的有效性。
  • Some large organizations may have multiple departments with separate, independent resources, missions, chains-of-command, etc, and consolidation into a single enterprise may yield limited benefits.一些大机构可能有单独的，独立资源，任务多个部门，连锁店，在指挥等，并成为一个单一的企业可能会产生有限的利益整合。

[ edit ] See also [ 编辑 ] 参见

  • List of ERP software packages 名单的ERP软件
  • List of ERP vendors ERP供应商名单
  • Accounting software 财务软件
  • Advanced Planning & Scheduling 先进计划与调度
  • APICS APICS的
  • Bill of materials (BOM) 物料清单 （BOM表）
  • Business process management 业务流程管理
  • Configurable BOM (CBOM) 可配置的BOM （CBOM）
  • Data migration 数据迁移
  • Enterprise Feedback Management (EFM) 企业反馈管理 （合着）
  • Enterprise system 企业制度
  • E-procurement 电子采购
  • ERP modeling ERP系统建模
  • ERP for IT ERP系统对IT
  • ERP System Selection Methodology ERP系统的选型方法
  • Information technology management 信息技术管理
  • List of project management software 项目管理软件列表
  • Management information system 管理信息系统
  • Manufacturing Operations Management 生产运营管理
  • Modular BOM (MBOM) 模块化的BOM （制造BOM）
  • Order to cash 以现金
  • Service Management 服务管理
  • Software as a Service 软件即服务
  • Supply chain management 供应链管理
  • Warehouse management system 仓库管理系统
  • Web management system 网站管理系统

[ edit ] References [ 编辑 ] 参考文献

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  20. ^ "Requirements Engineering for Cross-organizational ERP Implementation: Undocumented Assumptions and Potential Mismatches" (PDF). ^ “需求工程为跨组织ERP实施：未记录的假设和潜在的不匹配” （PDF格式）。 University of Twente . http://www.vital-project.org/papers/Daneva-Wieringa-Camera-Ready-RE-Paper.pdf . Twente大学。 http://www.vital-project.org/papers/Daneva-Wieringa-Camera-Ready-RE-Paper.pdf 。 Retrieved 2008-07-12 . 检索2008年7月12日 。
  21. ^ Turban et al. ^头巾等。 (2008). Information Technology for Management, Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy . （2008年）。 信息管理技术，改造经济组织中的数字 。 Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p.马萨诸塞州：约翰Wiley＆Sons出版公司，第 320. ISBN 978-0-471-78712-9 320。 书号978-0-471-78712-9
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  23. ^ Walsh, Katherine (January 2008). "The ERP Security Challenge" . CSOonline . ^ 沃尔什，凯瑟琳（2008年1月）。 “ERP的安全挑战” 。CSOonline。 CXO Media Inc . http://www.csoonline.com/article/216940/The_ERP_Security_Challenge . 高阶主管媒体公司。 http://www.csoonline.com/article/216940/The_ERP_Security_Challenge 。 Retrieved 2008-01-17 . 2008-01-17检索 。


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