综合英语一串讲辅导3-自考英语1班组-搜狐博客

4. 动名词的逻辑主语问题
动名词，顾名思义，具有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词和名词的属格来表示其逻辑主语（这时动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致）。如果动名词的逻辑主语就是句子主语，则前面不用加物主代词或名词的属格。例如： The watchman reported finding the door open.
=The watchman reported that he had found the door open.
此外， finding 的主语与主句主语一致，都是 the watchman ，所以 finding 前不加物主代词。
I appreciated very much your helping me through the tough period.
此处， helping 的主语是 you ，而主语是 I ，两者不一致，所以 helping 前的物主代词 your 不能省略。
一般说来，能带动名词作宾语的动词都可以根据语义意图在动名词之前加上或略去逻辑主语。但有些动词，如 excuse, forgive, pardon 等，其后的动名词结构总是带有逻辑主语的。这些逻辑主语通常由名词或代词宾格表示，也可由名词属格或形容词性物主代词表示。例如：
I do mind people smoking in public places. （名词宾格作逻辑主语）
We don't understand him needing so much money. （代词宾格作逻辑主语）
I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise. （物主代词作逻辑主语）
Mary excused the boy's upsetting the ink. （名词属格作逻辑主语）
前后呼应
1. 主谓一致的基本原则：
主谓一致有以下三条原则：
1) 语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
The students are very young. This picture looks beautiful.
2) 意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词也采取单数形式。
The people in that country are fighting for independence.
The crowd deeply respect their leader.
Three years in a strange land seems a long time.
3) 就近原则，即谓语动词的单数和复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如：
Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy.
2. 主谓一致的用法
根据以上三条原则，主谓一致有以下用法：
1) 下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式
a. 表示时间、重量、长度、价值的名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：
Two hundred miles is a long distance. Ten dollars is a high price for that book.
b. 由 anyone, anything, anybody, no once, nothing, everyone, everybody , everything, someone, somebody, each, either, neither Someone is knocking at the door.
Anything is better than going to the movie tonight.
c. 由 “a series of, a kind of, a portion of+ 名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：
A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week.
d. 由 “many a, more than one+ 单数名词 ” 作主语，尽管意义上表示复数，但 谓语动词仍采用单数形式 。例如： Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break.
There is more than one answer to your question.
e.“ 名词 +and + 名词 ” 作主语，表示同一人、同一概念或事物时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
A writer and educator is giving a lecture now. （这个人既是作家又是教育家）
f.“either(neither)+of+ 复数名词（或代词） ” 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.
Neither of them wants to come.
g. 在 each…and each…,every…and every… 等结构之后，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Each man and each woman has the right to vote.
h. 动词不定式、动名词或分句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：
What I want to say is none of your business.
Listening to the classical music is enjoyable.
i. 以 -ics 结尾的复数名词指一门学科时，如 politics （政治学）， mathematics （数学）， statistics （统计学）， acoustics （声学）， linguistics （语言学）等，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Mathematics is what he majors in.
2) 下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式取决于 of 后的名词。
a. 由 “all, none, no, most, half, the last, the rest, the remainder+of + 名词 ” 等不定代词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式 由 of 后名词的单复数而定 。例如：
None of the food is wasted. None of the students were absent. The rest of the lecture was dull.
The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday.
b. 由 “Lots of, heaps of, loads of , scads of + 名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词单复数形式由 of 后名词的单复数而定。例如：
Lots of work is to be done this week.
Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon.
There is loads of milk on the farm.
There are loads of big red apples on the ground.
There is heaps of fun.
c. 由 “ 分数或百分数 +of+ 名词或代词 ” 做主语，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于 of 后名词或代词的单复数形式。例如： three-quarters of the area is cultivated.
Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam.
3) 下列结构作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式根据意义而定
a. 由 “the+ 形容词 ” 这种结构作主语，根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果表示一类人（如 the rich, the poor, the blind, the deaf, the sick, the young, the old ），谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The blind are taught trades in special schools. （表示一类人）
The good in him overweighs the bad. （表示抽象概念）
The departed was a good friend of his. （表示个人）
b.family,crowd,committee,class,audience,group,
government,team,public,majority,minotiry 等集合名词作主语，谓语动词单复数形式应根据意义而定。例如：
The family like to listen to the music.(the family 指这家人，用作复数 )
The family is small.(the family 指这个家庭，用作单数 )
The committee has considered your proposal.(the committee 指委员会，用作单数 )
The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave their votes.(the committee 指委员会的委员们，用作复数 )
4) 下列结构作主语，谓语动词一般 单复数均可
a. 以数词为名词词组中心词作主语时，谓语动词一般单复数均可。例如：
Five and six make/makes eleven.
Seven times ten are/is seventy.
但是： Twenty from thirty leaves ten.
Six sevens are forty-two.
b. 由 “one in/out of+ 名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词单数均可。例如：
One in ten were/was present.
5) 下列结构作主语，谓语动词用复数形式
由 and 或 both...and 连接两个单数形式的名词词组作主语时，一般谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
A girl and a boy want to go.
Both rice and wheat are grown in that country.
6 ）下列结构作主语，谓语动词单复数形式视具体情况而定
a. 由 as well as, together with, besides, like, along with, without, except, accompanied by, rather than, including 连接两个名词作主语，谓语单复数形式应由连接词前的名词而定。例如：
The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.
The young mother with her two children is coming now.
The plant manager, like many technicians, is experienced in designing new products.
b.“ 名词 +of+ 名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词单复数形式跟 of 前的名词一致。例如：
The picture of the children brings back many memories of my past experiences.
The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to extremely harmful.
c. 由 not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor 或 or 连接的并列主语，通常根据 就近一致 原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。例如：
He or you have taken my pen.
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it .
One or two days are enough to visit the city.
d. there- 存在句中的谓语动词单复数形式一般取决于其后的真正主语的复数形式。例如：
There is a garden in front of the house.
There are two things I'd like to say here. 
  7) 关于几对容易混淆词组的一致用法
. 由 “this/that kind/type of + 名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；而由 “these/those kind/type of + 复数名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
This kind of apples is highly priced.
Those kind(s)of tests are good.
b. 由 “a number of, a total of, an average of + 复数名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由 “the number of, the total of, the average of + 复数名词 ” ，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
A number of students are waiting for the bus.
The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.
c. one of, the (only)one of 的一致用法
This is one of the books that have been recommended.
This is the (only)one of the books that has been recommended.
3. 前后呼应的用法
1 ）当 everyone, everybody, none, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody,
everything, anything, something, nothing 等用作主语时，其相应的代词一般用单数形式。例如：
If anybody calls, tell him that I'm out.
Something strange happened, didn't it?
Every passenger has to carry his own luggage.
2) 人称代词与名词的呼应：人称代词 I (me),he(him),she(her),it(it) 都是代替前面的单数名词，而 they(them),we(us) 则是代替复数名词的， you 既可以代表单数，也可以代表复数。但表示泛指的时候，用 he 或 one 来表示。例如： If a young person enters a classical music field only for money, he is in the wrong profession.
The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and when ingested can kill them within fifteen hours.
3) 物主代词与名词的呼应： my, our, his, her, its, their 要与代替的名词在数上一致。
例如： The welfare department, as well as the other social services, will have its budget cut.
Dolphins are warm-blooded; that is ,their body temperature always stays about the same, regardless of the surroundings.
4) 反身代词与其所代成分间的呼应
Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
Everybody clings to this illusion about himself.
I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea.
5) 指示代词与所代名词间的呼应： this 和 that 指单数名词或不可数名词， these 和 those 指代复数名词（ those 还可以用作先行词，引导定语从句，表示 “ 那些人 ” ）。例如：
She invited all those who had been her former colleagues:
The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fluid is determined by the height of this column.
6 ） much 和 much of 后接不可数名词，而 many 和 many of 后接可数名词的复数。
例如： There is not much coal left.
A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake.
7) 表示量的词后面有的接可数名词，有的接不可数名词的复数。接可数名词的有： a number of ,a range of, a series of + 复数名词；接不可数名词的有： a great deal of ,an amount of + 单数不可数名词；既可接可数又可接不可数名词的有： a lot of , a variety of 。例如：
The government attached a great deal of importance to education.
Quite a number of women applied for this job.
The college library has a variety of books.
An apple is a variety of fruit.
A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscular system.
反意疑问句 反意疑问句主要由 “ 陈述句 + 反意疑问 ” 构成，反意疑问部分的动词一般要与陈述部分的动词相对应，反意疑问部分的主语要与陈述部分的主语相对应，如果陈述部分的主语是名词，则反意疑问部分用相应的代词表示。
1. 反意疑问句的形式
反意疑问句一般有以下四种形式：
肯定陈述句 + 否定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil is red, isn't it?
否定陈述句 + 肯定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil isn't red, is it?
肯定陈述句 + 肯定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil is red, is it?
否定陈述句 + 否定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil isn't red, isn't it?
前两种形式是主要的，后两种不常见。
2. 反意疑问句的用法
1 ）当陈述部分是 there 存在句时，反意疑问部分的主语用 there 。例如：
There aren't a lot of flowers in the garden in winter, are there?
There existed different opinions on this issue, didn't there?
2 ）当陈述部分是以不定代词 one 作主语时，反意疑问句的主语在正式场合用 one, 在非正式场合用 you 。例如：
One cannot succeed at this, can one?
One cannot succeed at this, can you?
3 ）当陈述部分是 I'm... 结构时，反意疑问部分一般用 aren't I 。例如：
I am a student, aren't I?
4 ）当陈述部分是一个带有 that 引导的宾语从句的复合结构时，反意疑问部分一般根据主句的主语和谓语动词而定，例如：
You told me (that)I had passed the exam, didn't you?
He says that everybody in our class will attend the meeting, dosen't he?
但是，当陈述部分的主句是 I think, I suppose, I believe 等结构时，反意疑问部分则往往由 that 从句中的主语和谓语动词决定，并且要注意否定的转移。例如：
I believe(that)it is going to rain, isn't it?
I don't think (that)he will come, will he?
5 ）当陈述部分的谓语动词是 have 时，反意疑问部分要根据 have 的意义及形式而定。
a. 当 have 表示 “ 所有 ” 含义时，反意疑问句以用 have 形式，也可以用 do 形式。例如：
He has a book in his hand, hasn't he?
He has a book in his hand, doesn't he?
b. 当陈述部分的动词是 have 的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用 have 形式还是用 do 形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如：
You haven't a car, have you?
You don't have any money with you, do you?
c. 当 have 不表示 “ 所有 ” 含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用 do 的形式。例如：
We had a good time in the vacation, didn't we?
He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn't he?
You have to get up early tomorrow, don't you?
6 ）当陈述部分带有 never, nothing, nowhere, seldom, hardly,rarely, few, little
等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：
The summit meeting never took place, did it?
You can hardly believe what he said, can you?
There is little ink in the bottle, is there?
Few people know this place, do they?
当陈述部分的谓语动词是带有 un- ， in- ， dis- 等否定前缀的动词，则仍然把陈述部分看作肯定句，那么反意疑问部分用否定形式。例如：
He is impolite to the teacher, isn't he?
He distrusted anybody around him, didn't he?
7 ）当陈述部分带有情态动词 ought to 时，反意疑问部分在英式英语中用 ought to 形式，在美式英语中用 should 形式。例如：
You ought to see the new picture, shouldn't you?
Teachers ought to be honored, oughtn't they?
8 ）当陈述部分带有情态动词 used to 时，反意疑问部分可以用 used to 形式，也可以用 did 形式。例如：
She used to live abroad, usedn't she?
There used to be a newsstand in the corner of the street, didn't there?
9 ）当陈述部分带有情态动词 must 时，反意疑问部分需视 must 的含义而定。
a. 当 must 表示 “ 命令或强制 ” 时，反意疑问部分用 mustn't 。例如：
You must do it by yourself, mustn't you?
b. 当 must 表示 “ 有必要 ” 时，反意疑问句用 needn't ，例如：
You must see him tonight, needn't you?
c. 当 must 表示 “ 一定 ” 或 “ 想必 ” 等推测意义时，反意疑问部分不用 mustn't ，而根据 must 后的动词形式而定。例如：
He must be crazy to do so, isn't he?
She must have been there for a long time, hasn't she?
They must have stayed at home last might, didn't they?
10 ）当陈述部分带有 need 时，反意疑问部分需视 need 的含义而定。如果 need 用作情态动词，则反意疑问部分用 need 形式；如果 need 用作实义动词，表示 “ 需要 ” ，则反意疑问部分用 do 形式。例如：
You needn't go there, need you?
She needs to fo there, doesn't she?
Plants need sun to grow, don't they?
11 ）当陈述部分带有 I'd better 或 I'd rather 时，反意疑问部分用 hadn't 或 wouldn't 。例如：
You'd better finish the task before tomorrow, hadn't you?
He'd rather stay with us, wouldn't he?
12 ）当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问部分一般用 will you ， won't you, would you 。例如：
Don't be too late, will you?
Close the door, won't you?
Come here, will you?
Open your books, would you?
当陈述部分是以 Let's 开头的祈使句时，反意疑问部分用 shall we ；若是以 Let us 开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分则用 will you 。例如：
Let's have a party tonight, shall we?
Let us have a look at you pictures, will you?
注意，如果祈使句是否定形式，那么反意疑问句只能用 will you 。例如：
Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow, will you?
分词
1. 分词的形式
这里所讲的分词包括 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词，即传统意义上的现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形 +-ing 构成（如 listening ）；过去分词通常由动词原形 +-ed 构成（如 listened ），也有不规则形式（如 go-gone ）。现代英语的绝大多数都是规则动词，不规则的只是少数。 
 
  2. 分词的基本用法
分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语。下面按照现在的分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍。
现在分词的基本用法：
现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作；在表面形式上有 “ 一般式 ” 和 “ 完成式 ” 与 “ 主动式 ” 和 “ 被动式 ” 之分。
1 ）作表语
现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。例如：
This story quite interesting.
The journey without you will be boring.
2 ）作定语
现在分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多的情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性（用逗号与其他部分分开），在意义上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。例如：
The man following was obviously in a hurry 。（现在分词单独作定语）
They acted just like a conquering army 。（现在分词单独作定语）
Do you know the man standing over there by the motor car? （分词短语作限定性定语。）
Last night, we caught a thief stealing John's bike. （分词短语作限定性定语）
3 ）作宾语补足语
a. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 hear, feel, find, listen to, look at, watch,
notice, observe, smell see 等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如：
I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting.
I can smell turkey roasting, and it's making me hungry.
b. 表示 “ 致使 ” 等意义的动词，如 catch, get, have, leave, set 等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如：
Please don't keep the machine running while you are away.
4 ）作状语
现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。例如：
Rushing out of the room, he has knocked down by a car. （作时间状语）
=When he rushed out of the room, he was knocked down by a car.
Working harder, you will pass the entrance exam. （作条件状语）
=If you work harder, you will pass the entrance exam.
She sat at a window and read a book. （作伴随状语）
=She sat at a window and read a book.
Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars. （作原因状语）
=Because he had won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.
Even if taking a taxi, I will still be late for the meeting. （作让步状语）
=Even if I take a taxi, I will still be late for the meeting.
The road is under construction, thus causing the delay. （作结果状语）
=The road is under construction, and thus caused the delay.
注意，当现在分词作让步状语时，一般放在句首，常常由 although, though, even if , unless 等连词引入；作结果状语时，一般放在句末，前面可 so, thus, hence ， thereby 等副词。
过去分词的基本用法：
与现在分词不同，过去分词表示被动的意义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，只有一种形式。
1 ）作表语
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的过去分词大多来自及物动词；不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词，如 go, come, assemble 等，它们用在联系动词之后，表示完成意义，无被动意义。例如：
The man looked quite disappointed.
He is greatly discouraged by her refusal.
His hair is nearly all gone.
已经形容化了的过去分词大多可作表语，常见的有 accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, drunk, excited, frightened, hurt, interested, lost, satisfied, surprised, worried 等。
2 ）作定语
a ）用作前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义。例如：
We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.
=We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter.
How many finished products have you got up to now?
=How many products that have been finished have you got up to now?
来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语，能作这样用的仅限以下几个词，这时仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义：
a retired worker=a worker who has retired
an escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped
a faded/withered flower=a flower that has faded/withered
fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen
the risen sun=the sun that has just risen
a returned student=a student who has returned
vanished treasure=treasure that has vanished
b) 用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义。这相当于一个定语从句。例如：
Things seen are better than things heard.
=Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.
The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious.
=The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.
3 ）作宾语补足语
a ） see hear, feel, find, think 等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾
语补足语。例如：
Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation.
I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street.
Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.
b ） make, get, have, keep 等表示 “ 致使 ” 意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。
例如：
I have my clothes washed everyday.
Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us in the class.
He's trying to make himself understood.
Please keep us informed of the latest price.
c)like, want, wish, order 等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：
We don't like such topic(to be)discussed in class.
I wish this problem(to be)solved this week.
4) 作状语
用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语，前边往往可以加 when, while, if, as if, though 。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如：
Whenever praised, she blushes. （作时间状语）
=Whenever she is praised, she blushes.
United, we stand; divided, we fall. （作条件状语）
=If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.
Written in great haste, this book is full of errors. （作原因状语）
=Because this book in written in great haste, it is full of errors.
Mary was reading a love story, and was completely lost to the romantic life. （作让步状语）
=Mary was reading a love story, and was completely lost to the romantic life.
Although born in Germany, John lives and works in U.S.A 。（作让步状语）
=Although John was born in Germany, he lives and works in U.S.A 。
3. 分词的完成式及被动式
前面提到过，过去分词只有一种形式，所以这里所讲的完成式及被动式均指现在分词的完成式及被动式。
如果现在分词表示的是一般性动作，不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生，这时要用现在分词的一般形式。例如：
Living in the downtown, we found a lot of amusements.
如果现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用现在分词的完成式 “(not)having+ 过去分词 ” 。例如：
Having heard from my father, I was relieved.
Not having received any letter from my family, I was worried.
如果现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词所表示的动作的对象，则要用现在分词的被动形式，包括其一般形式 “（ not ） being+ 过去分词 ” 和其完成形式 “ （ not ） having been+ 过去分词 ” 。例如：
Upon being questioned, he denied having robbed the bank.
The new method, having been widely used abroad, can increase the working efficiency.
4. 分词独立结构
如果过去分词或现在分词带有与句子主语不同的主语，这就构成了独立结构，也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构，通常在句中起状语从句的作用，表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。
例如：
The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again.
（原因状语） =As the holiday was over, they began to get down to do their work again.
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. （条件状语）
=If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
His homework done, Johan went out to play. （时间状语）
=After his homework had been done, Johan went out to play.
The girl was smiling sweetly, her long hair flowing in the breeze. （伴随状语）
当独立结构表示伴随状况时，可变为由 with 引导的介词词组，而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由 without 引导。例如上例可变为：
The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze.
Without anyone noticing, I slipped out of the room.
独立结构的位置比较灵活，它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外，独立结构中用作主语的名词之前的限定词有时可以省略。例如：
The manager sat quietly in his office, (his)eyes closed.
He stood in the doorway, (his)wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some sign of recognition. 倒装句
倒装句主要出现在以下几种情况下：
1. 当表语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，需要倒装。例如：
Happy indeed are those who receive marvellous news after a long silence.
Absurd was the measure our company took to prevent loss.
2. 当前置宾语或状语由 “not a /many a /not a single+ 名词 ” 构成时，需要倒装。例如：
Not a word did he say at the meeting yesterday.
Many a time has the teacher emphasized the point.
Not a single hotel could she find in the small town.
3. 最通常引起倒装的是某些状语的前置。通常有以下几种情况：
1 ）当句首状语为否定词或有否定意义的词语时，一般需要倒装。常见的否定副词有：
not, little, never, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, not only(...but also/as well...),not until, not once, no sooner. 例如：
Never have I heard it before.
Not only did Mary passed the exam, she also got the highest mark in her class.
Nowhere can I find my lost wallet.
Seldom do I get invited into his office alone.
All pupils live nearby, Rarely do they go to school by bus.
2 ）当句首状语为否定意义的短语时，需要倒装。常见的否定短语有： at no time
,in no way, on no account, at no point, in no sense, by no means, under no circumstance. 这些短语都表示 “ 决不 ” 。例如：
Under no circumstance do we use the weapon.
At no time shall a student cheat in the exam.
On no account should you leave tonight.
By no means is he considered to be a great explorer.
In no sense is her mind brilliant.
In no way can a passenger smoke in the air-conditioned bus.
3 ） hardly/scarcely...when, no sooner...than 位于句首时，为固定的倒装结构表示 “ 一 …… 就 ……” 。在时态上，主句一般用过去完成时，从句（ when 或 than 引导）用一般过去时。但表示一般情况时，主句可用现在完成时，从句用一般现在时。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain.
Scarcely had she put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
但如果用于句中，则不必倒装。例如：
I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
4 ）当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常需要倒装。倒如：
At the side of the hill stood an old house.
In this chapter will you find the answer to my question.
5 ）当句首状语由 only+ 副词， only+ 介词词组， only+ 状语分句构成，也可以倒装。例如：
Only yesterday did the new students come.
Only with the help of his friends can Jim find a job.
Only after they performed the experiment did they succeed in solving the problem.
6 ）以关联词 so(...that) 开头的句子，通常引起倒装。在这种结构中， “so+ 形容词 ” 是表语的前置； “so+ 副词 ” 是状语的前置。例如：
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
So quickly did the workmen finish the work that they were given a bonus.
4. 如果第一分句是肯定句，第二分句用 so+ 倒装结构；如果第一分句是否定句，第二分句用 neither/nor/no more+ 倒装结构。例如：
I could not afford to eat in the restaurants, and nor could anyone I know.
I have made the decision, and so has he.
You haven't finished reading the book, no more have I.
但是，如果第一句是肯定句，第二句用 so+ 主语 + 情态动词，则表示 “ 的确是这样 ” 。例如：
It is said that Tom is clever, and so he is.
5. 虚拟结构中倒装
在虚拟结构的条件从句中，如果 if 被省略，那么 were, had 或 should 要移至主语之前，形成倒装结构。例如：
Were he to start today, he would arrive there on Thursday.
=If he were to start today, he would arrive there on Thursday.
Had it not been for his kelp, we couldn't have overcome the difficulties.
=If it had not been for his help, we couldn't have overcome the difficulties.
Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
=If it should rain tomorrow,I would stay at home. 
  6. 为了强调从句中的某个成分（通常为补语或状语）的倒装：将被强调成分放在句首，从句由连词 as, though 引导，但这时不用全倒装。例如：
Old as he is, he still studies hard.
=Though he is old, he still studies hard.
Difficult as the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time.
=Though the task was difficult, they managed to accomplish it in time.
注意：
1 ）否定副词如果只是限定句子主语而非修饰谓语或全句，则句子不必倒装。例如：
Hardly anyone has ever been invited.
2 ）某些否定词，如 no 或 not ，修饰主语而不是作状语时，句子也不必倒装。例如：
No survivor has ever been found. Not all that glitters is gold.
Not all valleys are on dry land.